Captivate Vibration Rattle - Captivate General

Hey all, I love the phone but I've noticed a quirk and I would like to see if anyone else has been experiencing it. When the phone vibrates sometimes there is an extra rattle, almost as if something is loose. It only rattles when its at a certain angle though, not all the time. Has anyone else experienced this with their phone? I'm trying to see if I should go exchange it or not.

For what it's worth, I haven't noticed it.

In case, out of case?
Sometimes the lip of my Body Glove case will rattle a tiny bit. Simply touching the case stops this of course, since it's not my phone but a surface adjacent to it.

max_warheads said:
In case, out of case?
Sometimes the lip of my Body Glove case will rattle a tiny bit. Simply touching the case stops this of course, since it's not my phone but a surface adjacent to it.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Nope, out of a case. Just the bare phone.

eriamjh said:
Nope, out of a case. Just the bare phone.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I think I know what you're talking about. If you tap the phone does it do the same thing? If so, I did notice it in mine as well. Also, when I put it down sometimes I would hear a little vibration. I think it's just the design of the phone.

I get the rattle and it's annoying. Not going to do anything about it but it's nice to hear I'm not alone.

jbradt said:
I think I know what you're talking about. If you tap the phone does it do the same thing? If so, I did notice it in mine as well. Also, when I put it down sometimes I would hear a little vibration. I think it's just the design of the phone.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Is it near the camera? I can hear it as well, it sounds like when you tap near the cam it either rattles the metal backplate or it is directly hitting the camera assembly, I'd avoid doing it if I was use.
The body glove case helps, but if you tap it'll still make a noise

You're not alone. I actually noticed this shortly after I bought it. Posted about in the at&t forums. I even went to the store to play with the displays. The displays also made the same noise.
I can't post a link but if you search for "Captivate has a rattle" in the at&t Samsung forums you'll find my thread.

you are not alone... it feel like the vibrator motor is loose... it fells just like my iphone 3g... which has a motor loose ..

I hear the rattle as well. I believe its coming from the sd card tray in the back. Hopefully when putting an sd card in itll go away.

I have an SD card in and don't hear any rattles. However, I also lowered my vibration intensity a couple notches.

gtg465x said:
I have an SD card in and don't hear any rattles. However, I also lowered my vibration intensity a couple notches.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Tap the back next to the speaker and see if you can hear it. Hopefully having the sd in there helped.
Sent from my SAMSUNG-SGH-I897 using XDA App

I've never heard anything even remotely like a rattle from mine, and I have vibration intensity maxed and swype set to vibrate on keypress, so I get lots of vibration. I've had the SD card in and out of it a lot, but no difference. No vibration. Guess I got a good one.

Psylas said:
Tap the back next to the speaker and see if you can hear it. Hopefully having the sd in there helped.
Sent from my SAMSUNG-SGH-I897 using XDA App
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Don't hear anything except my finger tapping the back.

Ummm Guys, sorry to rain on the parade....but if you can replicate the rattle by tapping on the speaker (which on a Galaxy S phone, Nexus One, Desire is right next to the camera), the rattle is the little Auto Focus assist system being gently lodged-dislodged (motor + spring setup).
The AF requires slight freeplay to allow it to focus in and out when using the camera.....sorry but the rattle wont go away....its also normal. Try any camera phone with AF Assist and tap near or vertically on top of the lens.... .
Personally My Nokia N82 from eons ago was the loudest of all. I havent got a Captivate (you lucky Yanks) so I could be way off the mark but my desire rattles too (as did my nexus one) when tapped or on vibrate.
Cheers
Oz

+1 auto-focus mountings.. makes sense.
For those wishing to replicate: with or without case, tap directly below the camera, and horizontally beside the speaker, with the phone near your ear. You'll hear a little tiny rattle. I didn't notice it until I went tapping away to find it.

Thanks for the replies. After tapping the back of my phone I believe I can detect a faint clicking sound. It's odd how loud that becomes when the phone vibrates, it's magnitudes louder than the normal vibration sound.
Maybe I'll go to my local electronics store and play with some models since I used to work there and I still have the connections for it.

yeah... no rattle here..

Significant rattle during vibration makes sense....its to do with the frequency of vibration of AF and phone chassis being in sync....i.e. close to resonance. Betcha its louder face up OR face down, and on a hard surface.
The other possibility is the metal battery cover vibrating as well
Oz

Hello Everyone,
I recently bought a Captivate. I noticed the same issue when using the vibrate setting on the phone - phone rings, and the vibrate is extremely loud (other people really shouldn't be able to hear it).
I thought it was that particular handset - so I went back to AT&T and exchanged it. Sure enough, this one has the same issue.
The one weird thing I've noticed is that changing the Haptic Feedback setting (the vibrate intensity for it) seems to affect the button that you use if you pull the notifications bar down. (Drop the vibrate intensity to 0, and you'll notice that the Vibrate button in the notifications bar does not vibrate when you turn it on). However, this doesn't seem to influence the way the phone vibrates when you get a call, text message, etc.
Any idea what the disconnect could be between the vibrate setting in the Notifications bar, and the actual vibrate intensity?
I'm inclined to think this is software, rather than the phone itself having a physical flaw that causes it to vibrate louder. If the setting in the notification bar didn't vary - I would be quicker to assume that it's hardware...

Related

[Q] Volume Rocker

I've been using this phone for two days now and the volume rocker rattles
when I shake the phone. No big deal but not sure if might bring problems later.
Was wondering if anyone else has the same situation, if not go ahead and
change it.
That's not normal, mine doesn't even move at all. It should be stationary without any rattle effect.
Mine moves slightly but not enough to bother me. It doesn't move unless I force it. If you play with it more it'll only get worse so just ignore the problem. If you're absolutely dead set you can exchange I guess. But don't tell the reps your volume button is rattling include other problems too or they'll laugh at you.
i exchanged mine for this reason. they were really patient in the store with me as we went through at least 5 phones. i ended up picking the one with the least amount of play in the volume rocker. it won't move now unless i really try to make it whereas before i could just place my finger on it and it would move up and down some with just the slide of my finger. i wanted the gray one but ended up with a white one.
Hmm, mine has a light rattle as well. I noticed it before, but couldnt isolate where it was coming from. How loud is yours?
Is not that bad, I have to shake it pretty hard up n down to hear it, and the rocker slides slightly. I'm worried that it will keep getting worse and then at some point stop working.
That rattling is not the volume rocker... It's the camera shutter... All the HOX do it...
Sent from my ROOTED HTC One X using xda premium

Anyone whose Moto G doesn't rattle cheaply when vibrating?

This thread is just to determine if it's more common for the Moto G to have the cheap-sounding rattle for a vibration (especially noticeable when vibrate-on-touch is enabled) haptic feedback is on), or if that is a less common but not rare exception. Sound off on how your haptic feedback sounds. Recordings welcome!
Mine: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MT8ehijOn_g
(EDIT) I've read elsewhere of someone saying their Moto X all of a sudden started sounding like this rather than a smooth, quiet vibration. Almost as if this is a result of a poorly attached vibration motor or one that has become slightly detached.
My vibration sounds nothing like that. Mine vibrates nicely, a lot better than the other phone's I've had.
SeannyM said:
My vibration sounds nothing like that. Mine vibrates nicely, a lot better than the other phone's I've had.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Is yours the US verison? Mine is US 16gb
Hi. I have the US version and i have this issue !
Yeah that doesn't sound normal.
Mines sounds cheap but not like a rattle.
Sent from my MOTO G!!!
Mine rattles slightly. But it seems to only be for short vibrations like haptic feedback on the keyboard. Longer vibrations like for notifications, it sounds completely normal. The biggest issue I'm having with the G is some light bleed on the LCD screen. But even that is barely noticeable.
Sent from my XT1034 using Tapatalk
Jooosty said:
Yeah that doesn't sound normal.
Mines sounds cheap but not like a rattle.
Sent from my MOTO G!!!
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
That recording was with the microphone right up against the phone.I made a new recording (I've replaced the original with it) that is maybe a better representation, from a couple inches away instead. It's just so loud. I guess you get what you pay for, and that's one of the cheap components. Although I've read elsewhere of someone saying their Moto X all of a sudden started sounding like this rather than a smooth, quiet vibration. Almost as if this is a result of a poorly attached vibration motor or one that has become slightly detached.
Mine is ok. I have the Brazil version 16G (dual sim).
LudicrousPeed said:
That recording was with the microphone right up against the phone.I made a new recording (I've replaced the original with it) that is maybe a better representation, from a couple inches away instead. It's just so loud. I guess you get what you pay for, and that's one of the cheap components. Although I've read elsewhere of someone saying their Moto X all of a sudden started sounding like this rather than a smooth, quiet vibration. Almost as if this is a result of a poorly attached vibration motor or one that has become slightly detached.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I took a phone apart (and then returned it's sorry self to Tesco lol)...
The vibration motor is not loose to the board - it is soldered firmly.
The weight is fixed to the shaft of the motor correctly. I attached bits of blutack to the weight - no difference.
The shaft of the motor to which the weight is attached can move up / down a little.
The motor is located right next to the camera, which has moving parts in it (you can hear this on exiting a camera app - an audible click). I wonder if the motor is making something in the camera rattle.
The rattle still happens with the back of the phone and PCB cover removed - so it is something contained in the front part of the phone. To me it sounds more like the vibrate is making the earpiece speaker click.
jfinnie said:
I took a phone apart (and then returned it's sorry self to Tesco lol)...
The vibration motor is not loose to the board - it is soldered firmly.
The weight is fixed to the shaft of the motor correctly. I attached bits of blutack to the weight - no difference.
The shaft of the motor to which the weight is attached can move up / down a little.
The motor is located right next to the camera, which has moving parts in it (you can hear this on exiting a camera app - an audible click). I wonder if the motor is making something in the camera rattle.
The rattle still happens with the back of the phone and PCB cover removed - so it is something contained in the front part of the phone. To me it sounds more like the vibrate is making the earpiece speaker click.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Nicely done! I think you've narrowed it down as far as possible. The answer then is that on at least most devices (since some owners say theirs is perfectly quiet) either the vibration motor is just of poor, toy quality, or there are loose somethings in the camera or elsewhere that get rattled. Thanks for figuring out that it's not the motor itself.
Yea just checked my 16gb us vibrates just fine.
Sent from my XT1034 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app
903tex said:
Yea just checked my 16gb us vibrates just fine.
Sent from my XT1034 using XDA Premium 4 mobile app
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I have the same problem. I've had a previous moto g that had a more solid vibration tone, but on the down side the back case was a bit loose on the corner right above the buttons making an annoying noise when pressed. Anyway i sold that one because it was the 8gb version and got a new one with 16gb from amazon.uk. Everything is fine with it with this little exception which i noticed as soon as i was setting it up.
Thing is, is it worth it to bother and try speak with amazon to try and get a new one? It seems likes it's a probability game and chances are there is always gonna be some small detail that won't be perfect. Do you think amazon will even swap it considering the type of fault?
Count me as one of the people with a rattling Moto X. Using the 16GB AT&T version and the rattle is fairly annoying for me. Perhaps I'll open it up this weekend and see if we can locate the problem spot...
I have been experiencing exactly same issue with newly delivered moto g from UK. I feel like it is about something shaking inside the camera. But I'm still not brave enough to tear that down and find what is wrong
Ok, so i asked amazon for a replacement giving this problem as a reason and they sent it right away, no questions asked! The new one arrived a few days later, i packed the old one in the same box and left it at the local post office free of charge.
The new one does not have the vibration problem, so that i got rid of! The buttons of the old one were a bit better though. The volume on this is a bit looser but i can live with that.
Sent from my XT1032 using xda app-developers app
I was able to get inside of the phone (which was actually a pretty simple task). And it is clear that this rattle comes out from bad vibration module. There is nothing inside of the phone what is badly fixed or shaky -- the phone is rock solid, The problem looks to be just in that bad vibration rotor.
I've also asked Moto support about any advise and they said to send phone to them. So i really think that there is no other way than just replace this little noisy thing inside of your phone.
Mine sounds fine
Sent from my Moto G XT1028
I have the 16 GB US version and mine is pretty noisy. Doesnt bother me too much and I already rooted so I probably won't be asking for a new one.
Button Problem
LudicrousPeed said:
This thread is just to determine if it's more common for the Moto G to have the cheap-sounding rattle for a vibration (especially noticeable when vibrate-on-touch is enabled) haptic feedback is on), or if that is a less common but not rare exception. Sound off on how your haptic feedback sounds. Recordings welcome!
(EDIT) I've read elsewhere of someone saying their Moto X all of a sudden started sounding like this rather than a smooth, quiet vibration. Almost as if this is a result of a poorly attached vibration motor or one that has become slightly detached.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I think the problem is with the buttons man. The power button is somewhat lose on my phone. That should be causing the rattling noise. Check the power button.

Galaxy S7 dull vibrations when tapped on the back.

Hey guys, I'm wondering if you're experiencing the same with your phones. My phone noticably vibrates when tapped on the back, to the point I often think I have some notification when - for example - I accidentally pat on it when in my pocket. It also gives off a faint resonating sound. Just wondering if it's a build quality fault, or a normal thing. It is pretty annoying, to the point I'm thinking of sending it to Samsung to get it checked out. The phone otherwise is sweet, but I don't think that's how a flagship should feel, it feels some kind of frail, as if something is loose inside. My friends S7 doesn't have this issue, but I'm working in a phone retail shop, and noticed at least one other device that acts the same as mine. So maybe Samsung is using two different vibration motors in S7s?
Smart Alert maybe?
Your device will vibrate when you pick it up to notify you about missed calls and messages (could be sensing the tap as being picked up)
Settings > Advanced Features > Smart Alert
I'm aware of that. It's not that the phone is vibrating. The vibration motor is not buzzing at this point, it just resonates when you pat it on the back with your hand. I can describe it best that it feels like if it had a thick loose spring inside.
zielonypasternak said:
Hey guys, I'm wondering if you're experiencing the same with your phones. My phone noticably vibrates when tapped on the back, to the point I often think I have some notification when - for example - I accidentally pat on it when in my pocket. It also gives off a faint resonating sound.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
My S7 is solid if I tap it, even if I tap it firmly it doesn't vibrate or resonate in any way, holding it by the edges lightly between two fingers and tapping the back or front, having it lose in my pocket and tapping it, no vibrating at all, I get the same feel if I tap my computer desk as I do if I tap the phone, solid feel.
My one is also vibrating if I tap on the backside.
Just checked both S7 we got at the store right now, one resonates, another one doesn't. Leads me to believe Samsung uses two different vibration motors in S7.
EDIT: it vibrates only when tapped on right side, mostly right top side. I guess it might also be badly adhered heat pipe...?
Nothing happens with mine (G930F) when I tap it, just feels solid
I have the same problem when tapped on the right hand side I brought two galaxy s7 mines black and the other is gold and only the back one does it
Mine SGS7 (black EU version) have the same issue. Seems like vibration motor isn't blocked or something like this. Te vibrations is most noticalbe on left top corner (from the back side) where si vibrating moror placed. Also don't know if it's just common thing on most of galaxy devices or it's stomething which should be repaired.
I don't think that's a problem or issue. I've had the same thing on my s5 and now on s7.
I think that's because of button type motors used in both devices.
This happens with my G930W S7 as well, haven't noticed any negative effects from it.
Yup, same thing happens with my s7 as well. I previously had Swiss version (manufactured around december 2016) and it was solid. Now, after changing phones to another s7, French version (manufactured around march 2017) there is a fain vibration when i tap it. My guess was that wireless charging coils were not glued very well, but I guess vibration motor makes more sense. I haven't noticed any negative effects.
I believe that vibrations are from camera. When camera isn't active OIS is disabled, so lens can move around a bit. I noticed this effect on SGS5 too.

Rattling noise from camera

Can anyone else also hear the rattling noise from camera when keeping the phone down or shaking the phone ?
When dialling someone who is on a carrier with high in call volume/high dial tone volume, I can hear the rattling of camera modules. It is much more when holding the phone to the right ear (camera side down), on the left ear (camera side up), the sound doesnt appear. The carriers which have low dial tone volume such as Jio doesnt have such issues.
Seems that the sound from receiver causes the camera modules to vibrate and make the rattling sound due to high dial tone volume. And because this is the phone with three vertically situated cameras, the sound is much more.
Yes, I confirm about this noise.Because I use a TPU case cover for my phone, this noise can not be made by the button movement. This noise comes from the upper side of the phone
Do you have that noise also when there is loud sound comimg from earpiece ? Everytime when I hold my phone to right ear (camera side is down), I hear that sound and yeah this jiggly ball bearing sound thingy comes from the top of the phone. I checked my earpiece and it plays sound in very good quality. Also the buttons are not faulty because I held them tight and tried shaking the phone, the sound was still there.
@Pr0Ankit - no, sound doesn`t trigger any rattle, only when switching between cameras and if I knock on the phone near the cameras.
I`m too tired to write everything again, so I will copy my posts from gsmarena.
-------
Yes, there is a noise, rattle or whatever word you can use to describe it. It is probably the lens gyro system.
I missed the time to edit my previous post so I`ll write it in this one.
There is a noise/rattle/chattering if you knock the phone and it can be heard from within the cameras zone and I think I know why.
As I`m subscribed to jerryrigeverything on youtube I have seen many teardowns of phones which have gyro optical stabilization on their cameras. He usually give them a poke or two with his pincers to show how they move.
Now, what would happen if the gyro components are not tight enough. It will clatter/rattle, probably.
There comes the bit from my previous post: "Bear in mind that although the cameras are using electronic auto-focus for photographs we have gyro optical stabilization when video is recorded."
The sound can be heard if you switch from one to another camera too.
So in conclusion I think that the noise is coming from the gyro mechanism.
I`m very curious for the opinions of the people who bought A9 2018, I`m almost sure that they can hear that too because Samsung probably have used the same basic mechanism inside.
May be I should write to samsung support for this. But I`m not really sure that they will give me any details.
Thanks for the reply. I found out a topic very similar to mine.
https://www.google.com/amp/s/forums...e-speaker-rattle-during-calls-normal.html?amp
Nope, this noise only can be heard when I shake my phone or when I put it on a hard surface.
dangkhoa02106 said:
Nope, this noise only can be heard when I shake my phone or when I put it on a hard surface.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
It might be carrier dependent. For example when I call a person who is on a carrier with low in-call volume, the rattling noise is like negiligible, but when I call some people who are on a carrier with high in-call volume, the rattling sound can be heard. Also, the sound doesnt come up when I dial using whatsapp, skype or messenger because of low in-call volume in those apps.
Maybe the housing of this phone is not perfect enough to hold all components tight, maybe. If there is a suddenly move of the phone or a high vibration of the speaker, some components will shaking inside and make this noise.
dangkhoa02106 said:
Maybe the housing of this phone is not perfect enough to hold all components tight, maybe. If there is a suddenly move of the phone or a high vibration of the speaker, some components will shaking inside and make this noise.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Just noticed that the strange rattling soumd during phone calls was due to the volume up button. It is slightly loose. I dont know if it was like this since beginning or it happened due to usage of phone and idk if its worth to take it to service provider because they might tighten up the buttons but it might become loose again with constant pressing.
Can you remove the cover from your phone and check if your buttons are normal or if they make a noise too when there are vibrations (sound) coming from earpiece ? Please try to dial anyone, with highest in-call volume , do not test the receiver using samsung tool or any other tool because they play soft sound and hence doesnt cause enough vibrations for the volume up button to rattle.
It might be possible that due to cold temperature the frame would have contracted because the enclosure is actually Polycarbonate and not metal (Polycarbonate expand and contract much more than metal frames), (thermal expansion and contraction), which have left very tiny gap in the enclosure of button hence making a gap to allow the buttons to vibrate or make rattling noise? Ordered a slim armour case from amazon.. hopefully that should suppress the issue atleast until temperature rises back to normal in my region.
Just visited a Samsung Service Center. Their words were "Sorry Sir but that is not an issue. I know that the button which is directly infront of the movable camera causes this noise. You might be wondering how I know this, there were 5 or 6 more people who came up to us with same issue on same model. We had opened their phones and noticed that the button which is directly infront of the movable camera (volume up button) causes this noise when phone is shaken or if it vibrates due to sound from receiver. (Without a cover). There is nothing to worry about. Please use a case if it bothers you too much but we cant do much about the design of this model and we cannot open the device because its not faulty."
The rattling noise that you were hearing is the ois of the main camera.

Camera mechanism very rattly, anyone else?

My camera is really rattly and doesnt secure in the closed position!
Its ****ing disgusting of a sound when I put in down on a table, is this normal?
Really kills ALL fun I can have with this device
Mine seems pretty OK. No rattling when I control the camera.
There might be some quality control issues. I've seen a few mention rattling but most say theirs is fine. So with that in mind it sounds like you risk having to RMA the device when you get it.
My camera was rattling too if I did not use the Quick Control Button to retreat the camera regularily because the camera is hitting the case even when shaking it.
I fixed it by placing a strip of duct tape under the camera and now it is silent.
The same problem with my flipcam.
Mine works fine.
Dasswable said:
My camera was rattling too if I did not use the Quick Control Button to retreat the camera regularily because the camera is hitting the case even when shaking it.
I fixed it by placing a strip of duct tape under the camera and now it is silent.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I was thinking into a similar direction... Good to hear this works.
facepalm lol
Dasswable said:
My camera was rattling too if I did not use the Quick Control Button to retreat the camera regularily because the camera is hitting the case even when shaking it.
I fixed it by placing a strip of duct tape under the camera and now it is silent.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Duct tape on a phone? 2019.?
No thanks
My camera is firm and doesnt rattle, it does make some noise when the camera moves but thats to be expected I think.
Well, it seems as if it's going to be a crap shoot whether you get one that rattles or not? Too risky unless we get way more reviews saying that it doesn't rattle.
jaseman said:
Well, it seems as if it's going to be a crap shoot whether you get one that rattles or not? Too risky unless we get way more reviews saying that it doesn't rattle.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Difficult to say with such a small sample size.
Could be 1%, 5%, 20%, 50% or 90% with issues. The quality control might get better or the mechanism might just have that bad yields. So right now we have to assume it's either a small number of devices or first batch problems. I find it hard to believe they'd bring a device to market with glaring issues. You never know though.
T I find it hard to believe they'd bring a device to market with glaring issues. You never know though.[/QUOTE said:
Ummm, ever hear of the Galaxy fold???
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
jaseman said:
Ummm, ever hear of the Galaxy fold???
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yes and it isn't comparable.
This is a quality control issue from the factory. I haven't heard anyone say it started rattling later (nor does it seem there would be time to start breaking the device through regular use unless it's sensitive and starts rattling from dust and debris).
The Fold worked fine at the factory and testing in a controlled environment did not reveal the fragility of the design. Otherwise we may as well bring up Note 7 too. That's also a design flaw.
Since not all models rattle it isn't necessarily a design flaw but one of quality and yields. Of course Asus is welcome to make a statement on what causes the issue.
Mine also rattle when put down on table and same with just tapping the screen. Otherwise it is good. Weird that no review mentioned this, not even tech tablets. If the phone didn't cost 570 euro, but 250 euro I would not mind, but I'm going to return it, it is unacceptable for the price.
Mine doesn't rattle when closed, but also doesn't open fully. It sits at a slight angle when open, so I have to press "volume up" for a second to straighten it. As far as I can see there's no calibration tool for camera angle. This might help solve both problems.
Mine rattle to
the camera opens a little whenever I was fast walking with the phone in my pocket or when I wear lose pants but I fixed it by adding 2 strips of tape behind the camera :/
I found out that the rattle is coming from the hinge at the side where the volume buttons are
picked it up from table https://youtu.be/QcbjNwhLVIE ...
EDIT:
To clarify - this is how it always is, but it happens - lets say once a day - camera just get _more_ loose by itself. I will create another video how it is all the time (it is still pretty bad in quiet environment) - but it will be harder to catch with one hand holding camera phone.
evlo said:
picked it up from table
...
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Can other users of this phone confirm if it is a faulty unit or it is "normal" behaviour? Camera module seems to be wonky and loose, not firmly closed/locked. No reviewers mention this problem.
Mine moves a little bit too.
And 2 strips of tape help. I'm fine with it.

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