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Hi guys,
I've been playing around with my Nexus S for about 3 weeks and I've decided to root it, but I have some question, I've been searching the answers in older posts but it's not quite clear yet, hope you can help me.
When I unlocked the bootloader, what kind of data will be wiped? It's just the SD card or also all the apps I've already downloaded? what about SMS, pictures and videos?
Is there anyway I can backup that data considering I haven't root it yet???
Thanks in advance.
dont do it man. i just got my phone yesterday at 1 pm and its now 12am and its bricked by lack of support from the cummunity. i studyied and studied 4 around 10 hours. then bricked my device. and i have a good idea i wont be getting a replacement this time
LINKSLOVESANDROID said:
dont do it man. i just got my phone yesterday at 1 pm and its now 12am and its bricked by lack of support from the cummunity. i studyied and studied 4 around 10 hours. then bricked my device. and i have a good idea i wont be getting a replacement this time
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
lol what? its nobodys fault but your own. all the resources are available, just because somebody isnt responding to your threads and holding your hand to restore a nandriod backup doesnt make it a "lack of a community".. and your phone isn't bricked, it can be recovered but you are too close-minded and cant install Clockwork Recovery / get drivers working
The data that will be wiped are most likely your SMS/settings/etc. This is standard procedure. And its something you'll go through a lot when you are using custom ROMs.
There are complete instructions for rooting, unrooting and unbricking your phone. It's all here in the forums, and many other places, you just have to look and learn. I read for two weeks before I unlocked and loaded a ROM into my NS.
If you don't have a need to root your phone I wouldn't do it just because you can. I wanted to run the Voodoo app so I had to root and load a ROM. It took a little while but it was painless and I liked learning about the Android system.
You do have to backup your app and your SD, but that was the easy part.
It's close to impossible to brick a nexus device. They purposely come with totally open boot loaders specifically for that purpose!
RogerPodacter said:
It's close to impossible to brick a nexus device. They purposely come with totally open boot loaders specifically for that purpose!
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
its not only Nexus devices but like I said people are using the term brick wrong. with these new phones coming out, a lot of them are hard to brick.
if you're phone is able to get into recovery/start/download mode (odin not popular but still an option)/bootloader then its not bricked.
if its unable to start in any form or way.. its considered a brick. please stop using the term in its wrong definition.
"brick" describes a device that cannot function in any capacity (such as a device with damaged firmware)
In the strictest sense of the term, bricking must imply that software error has rendered the device completely unrecoverable without some hardware replacement.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_(electronics)
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I think guys you have lost focus about my question, it's not about how to root (there is a lot of info about), it's about what kind of data will be wiped and how to back it up
Netconn said:
You do have to backup your app and your SD, but that was the easy part.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
What's the best way to do it? It's there an app or I have to day it by myself?
Make a nandroid backup first and foremost! Use Titanium Backup to make a backup of all your apps. If you want a backup of your sms, go sms pro really does a great job of that. Dont forget your contacts as well! Then copy your sd card and place it on the hard drive of your computer. When you unlock the bootloader, it does wipe your sd card. Once your unlocked and rooted, you should be able to restore everything once you replace the copy of your sd card back on the phone. Coming over from a Vibrant, I was nervous about rooting the phone but its an easy process. Just take your time and do lots of reading! Hope this helps!
Thenx, but I still have one doubt, if I haven't root my phone yet, will nandroid or titanium work?
Sent from my Nexus S using XDA App
Woops..yeah, your right there. Too quick to reply. I followed this method here..
http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=895545
and had no problems. Once you get unlocked/rooted and clockwork recovery, then you can make the fore mentioned backups. Export your contacts to the sd card then copy the sd card to the hard drive of your computer before unlocking the boot loader. I do not think apps get affected during the sd wipe unless you have them stored there.
zephiK said:
its not only Nexus devices but like I said people are using the term brick wrong. with these new phones coming out, a lot of them are hard to brick.
if you're phone is able to get into recovery/start/download mode (odin not popular but still an option)/bootloader then its not bricked.
if its unable to start in any form or way.. its considered a brick. please stop using the term in its wrong definition.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
i followed the instructions to flash gri74 back to stock and my phone wont turn on, wont goto any mode, wont read that its hookedup to my pc
isnt that what we call a brick? ive had issues on a galaxy s with this game issue. htc devices i can fly through the root procedure but i got this 1 rooted, tried reflashing to stock and the phone wont turn on at all.
may i suggest a noob proof guide|? i postted 1 in the htc desire forum and people love it. yesterday i returned a moto xoom because ti was overheating , got a nexus s and 2day il b returning that because it wont turn on. can any1 help me think of a good idea i can tell the future shop return people?
kmhil said:
I think guys you have lost focus about my question, it's not about how to root (there is a lot of info about), it's about what kind of data will be wiped and how to back it up
What's the best way to do it? It's there an app or I have to day it by myself?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
you are forced to lose your data to initially root your device. then after that point, you can always create backups and never lose data again while you switch between ROMs and flashing etc. but i think to initially root, you have to lose everything. not the sd card though.
LINKSLOVESANDROID said:
i followed the instructions to flash gri74 back to stock and my phone wont turn on, wont goto any mode, wont read that its hookedup to my pc
isnt that what we call a brick? ive had issues on a galaxy s with this game issue. htc devices i can fly through the root procedure but i got this 1 rooted, tried reflashing to stock and the phone wont turn on at all.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Do keep in mind, we don't have an i9020 or an i9023, we have an i9020A So the instruction out there all need to take that into considerations. I rooted mine fine with no "Bricking" I had to follow the instruction for the i9023, but it worked. I figure it took me all of 1 minute to root my phone. Admitedly, the "One click root" for the Galaxy series was easier.
I try to make it a point to never be the "First" person to do something on their phone. Much safer that way.
I also find it very unusual that you've managed to brick two phones, I've also had the pleasure of owning the telus fascinate, and not once did i get it bricked, I tried Bionics, CM7, Darky's and a bunch of other ones. Just never mess with the boot loader. When you went back to stock, did you make sure it was a stock ROM for the I9020A?
Have you tried connecting the USB to a computer, holding the volume up (or in the case of the galaxy, both up and down) While powering on the device? I've had to use that a few times to recover my galaxy (Thank you odin!!).
Now in regards to the OP, I would recommend using a program like Ti to back everything up, unlock the bootloader then restore from Ti, it's a little more hassel, but you can pretty much keep your settings and data. Personally, i rooted my phone before configuring a single thing on it.
kmhil said:
Thenx, but I still have one doubt, if I haven't root my phone yet, will nandroid or titanium work?
Sent from my Nexus S using XDA App
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
there is no way to make a good backup without rooting.
basically yes, you will lose all your settings
there are a few apps you can use to backup your apk before unlocing/rooting the phone.
look for App admin on market https://market.android.com/details?id=az.mecid.appadmin&feature=search_result
the stuff backed to SD does not get wiped
only the internal storage stuff
LINKSLOVESANDROID said:
dont do it man. i just got my phone yesterday at 1 pm and its now 12am and its bricked by lack of support from the cummunity. i studyied and studied 4 around 10 hours. then bricked my device. and i have a good idea i wont be getting a replacement this time
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
i took about 12 minutes total to unlock my bootloader, flash clockwork, and flash a custom rom. its not difficult if you pay attention to what you read. youre phone is not bricked. btw, i read your threads. if you werent so demanding, i would have helped. use the pdanet website the next time you need to install the proper driver, and follow the directions that they give you.
When I unlocked I used Astro to back up my apps, I turned on the Google data sync to back up my contacts and I did a back up of my SD on my computer.
When the unlock and recovery was done NS asked for my Google account then it restored all my contacts, Astro restored all my apps and I restored my files from my computer. A few steps but not difficult at all.
You will have to redo your accounts and data, and maybe an app or two won't load but the market will show them installed, just reinstall any that didn't.
Make sure you follow the directions properly in the forum. I had to use two computers to get it to work, but it did work and nothing was damaged.
With all that said.... This was the first time I have ever owned or altered an Android phone. Sure I was nervous... Now I'm hooked.. haha
I wound up using NSCollab .17 so far so good..
First thing I did when I got my phone was fastboot oem unlock.
Even if you don't want to root, use another ROM. Fastboot unlock it so your data doesn't get wiped.
If your hardware and everything seems okay, then flash Clockwork Recovery and do a nandroid backup so you can restore to pre-flashing point if you need it for OEM purposes.
Afterwards, go crazy and flash like theres no tomorrow and find something that you'll like.
And agreed with simms. You've made so made so many threads about this. I would help you step by step but I've been busy so I can't do that anymore. But if you search, you'll find about two or three threads where I did help somebody get their phone to a working state.
The basic idea is... if your phone doesn't boot but you can get to recovery.
- Download a ROM or Nandroid backup
- Install USB drivers
- Fastboot oem unlock (if you haven't)
- fastboot flash recovery recovery.img (or whatever the recovery.img is named) should be in /sdk/tools
- reboot into recovery (adb reboot recovery)
- mount and storage: mount USB, put the nandroid backup or ROM onto phone
- nandroid restore or flash a ROM (wipe factory,dalvik,cache --> flash ROM (if its CM7.. flash gapps afterwards)
- reboot
your phone boots. alternatively, you can use Odin but thats not a popular method but the choice is available if you wish to go towards that approach
in the worse worse possible case scenario there is always ODIN to the rescue
Why did you guys wait at all?
Once i got the phone i immediately plugged it into my computer and rooted it.
is there a way that i can root my thunderbolt without having to wipe it clean? everything i seem to find sayes that it will be complete wipe.
Nope. you can try and back up as much as possible but a total wipe is required.
In time is it possible to have a true one click root to root the phone. I am still learning everything it takes to do a root and this phone seems more difficult then some other phones. My buddy just rooted his fasinate, and it was easy as can be.
rh7camaro said:
In time is it possible to have a true one click root to root the phone. I am still learning everything it takes to do a root and this phone seems more difficult then some other phones. My buddy just rooted his fasinate, and it was easy as can be.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
It's possible that there might be a 1 click that wont have to wipe data. But unfortunately to exploit the backdoor that allows root currently you need to revert to an old RUU.
What are you worried about regarding having to do a complete wipe?
I do full wipes all the time. Whenever I switch a ROM or even upgrade a ROM I do a complete wipe. What is it you're worried about losing.
ERIFNOMI said:
I do full wipes all the time. Whenever I switch a ROM or even upgrade a ROM I do a complete wipe. What is it you're worried about losing.
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Click to collapse
This is my fist Android phone and I am still learning how do do everything. So I really don't want to mess it up. I am trying to do reserch on everything before I do the root.
rh7camaro said:
This is my fist Android phone and I am still learning how do do everything. So I really don't want to mess it up. I am trying to do reserch on everything before I do the root.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Very smart. Once you get the root fever though...
The Thunderbolt was my first Android as well and I did the same thing you did and made sure I had as much knowledge as I could before I rooted. I used the root on mac walk through and it worked perfect. Now I am flashing roms and kernals like it is going out of style. I even bricked the phone loading a rom the wrong way but with the knowledge I gained using bootloader to root it was an easy fix. Once you get the hang of it, it gets really easy.
meowlamp said:
The Thunderbolt was my first Android as well and I did the same thing you did and made sure I had as much knowledge as I could before I rooted. I used the root on mac walk through and it worked perfect. Now I am flashing roms and kernals like it is going out of style. I even bricked the phone loading a rom the wrong way but with the knowledge I gained using bootloader to root it was an easy fix. Once you get the hang of it, it gets really easy.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Well that's good to know thats what I will be doing over the weekend. I have everything backed up and apps really don't matter. I just want to have more control over my phone. But I don't know if I want to wait a little longer till more roots are out or what. I really like this phone, and it becoming a brick does not sound fun
ERIFNOMI said:
I do full wipes all the time. Whenever I switch a ROM or even upgrade a ROM I do a complete wipe. What is it you're worried about losing.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Same here. Just wiped to load ROM Update.
There is alot of apps out there that will backup all your data without being rooting
rh7camaro said:
Well that's good to know thats what I will be doing over the weekend. I have everything backed up and apps really don't matter. I just want to have more control over my phone. But I don't know if I want to wait a little longer till more roots are out or what. I really like this phone, and it becoming a brick does not sound fun
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
There won't be any more "roots" that will come out. They are all done the same way. The only way you will get support is by doing it the manual way. Using a 1-click is more dangerous than doing it the manual way. (no one knows when/if unrevoked will come out with one for this phone) I highly suggest doing it the manual way.
Great to hear someone say that they are reading up and learning about it before they do it. We are finally getting some smart people to this forum
meowlamp said:
The Thunderbolt was my first Android as well and I did the same thing you did and made sure I had as much knowledge as I could before I rooted. I used the root on mac walk through and it worked perfect. Now I am flashing roms and kernals like it is going out of style. I even bricked the phone loading a rom the wrong way but with the knowledge I gained using bootloader to root it was an easy fix. Once you get the hang of it, it gets really easy.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
You didn't brick it...that would mean no possible recovery.
-sent via 1.21 giggawatts of android.
I came from windows mobile and so I also was averse to wiping cause it takes so long to setup thephone again..but not on android.titanium backup is awesome and can restore you back to normal super fast. dont fear the full wipe
Sent from my Thunderbolt, using XDA Premium
thanks everyone
it took a long time
went to youtube to get all the videos on rooting
here is the link for anyone who wants it. it will help step by step to root the thunderbolt.
forgot to put the links in http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKPSe12YDxQ and http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mc6EMdPpF6o&feature=related
i came from a blackberry where there was no backing up and no playing around uner the hood. this left me very scared to rooted my thunderbolt but after two weeks of owning it i made the jump and did the easy root took a little bit of time but worked great now i jsut need to convince myself to flash a new ROM
you only have to wipe and lose everything the initial time of rooting. after that point, you can backup everything when you want to switch ROMs and try things out. so you only lose stuff the first time.
I'm getting ready to root my phone, but one thing I haven't been able to figure out is what is the best way to make an image of my stock rom on the AT&T Nexus S before using a tool that's going to delete all my data?
I would really like to make a full system image so that if anything goes wrong, I can flash it back to where it is before the root takes place. Is this possible? Is there a guide out there that I just haven't seen?
Thanks
VillainousVivi said:
I'm getting ready to root my phone, but one thing I haven't been able to figure out is what is the best way to make an image of my stock rom on the AT&T Nexus S before using a tool that's going to delete all my data?
I would really like to make a full system image so that if anything goes wrong, I can flash it back to where it is before the root takes place. Is this possible? Is there a guide out there that I just haven't seen?
Thanks
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
i hate saying this, but its true. this should go into the Q&A section, not into development. anyways, i think that you need root for that. but if there is a way, i think that it would be through adb.
Not a problem, if a mod can move it, that'd be great. I thought that a backup before making modifications would fall under the realm of development. After all, without a good backup, I wouldn't want to make too many changes
VillainousVivi said:
Not a problem, if a mod can move it, that'd be great. I thought that a backup before making modifications would fall under the realm of development. After all, without a good backup, I wouldn't want to make too many changes
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
what you want is to perform a nandroid backup, and you can do that through a custom recovery. you either need to unlock your bootloader for that(which wipes your phone and sd storage) or you can search how to root without unlocking the bootloader, root it, and use rom manager to flash a recovery/perform a nandroid backup without wiping but getting root.
Just use my back up pro to back up whatever that app will allow. Then copy over all your SDCard contents to your computer....Google takes care of contacts and apps....
Sent using two tin cans and some string.....
My Infuse (ATT) has been freezing up and acting stupid for a very long time, so I figured a factory reset would fix it. Then I learned about rooting, which I plan to do. I don't know how long the warranty is, but I am sure it is over. Then I read about some backup program that remembers all your settings, so I like the sound of that. But if I'm resetting due to a jacked up fone, do I want to back it up? Should I just go for the reset, root it, set up everything like I want it, then back it up?
Should I root first, then do the reset? Should I root it, then reset it? If I wanna add a ROM later, should I back it up first and add the ROM last? I have insurance on the fone with ATT, will this negate the need for insurance? I mean, if it's rooted will my insurance be void as well?
Gonna do it tomorrow, I have the Kias mini and the superoneclick and a PC.
Thanks.
What I recommend is to follow beanstalk ROM.
There is instruction from gingerbread.
If your phone is passing hard, then you might want to format your internal SD card. Sync with your Google account so it can back up contracts and apps.
Sent from my SGH-I997 using xda app-developers app
Ok, I don't know what "follow beanstalk ROM" means.
I don't know what "instruction from gingerbread" means.
I don't know what "passing hard" means.
The only thing I know about gingerbread is that it won't root with superoneclick.
Madwand1 said:
Ok, I don't know what "follow beanstalk ROM" means.
I don't know what "instruction from gingerbread" means.
I don't know what "passing hard" means.
The only thing I know about gingerbread is that it won't root with superoneclick.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I think he's referring to this instruction list.(read all of the first post) http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=1776129
To answer some of your other questions, the backup program I think you're talking about is called Titanium Backup(you need root to use though), I would recommend following the tutorial in the link I posted. If you root your phone; yes it will void your warranty but if you ever need to take your phone back you can reset something that's called a flash counter that will make your rooting it untraceable. If you still don't understand then let me know and I'll try to help you out further...
Thanks, that link looks like instructions to add a new ROM, which I will probably do after I get this fone sorted. Since I can't update to Gingerbread and then root with superoneclick, that sounds better anyway.
What I really need to know is if it makes a difference if I root right now, then hard reset my fone. The hard reset is necessary because my fone is constantly freezing up, I assume because I loaded too much crap onto it over the year. My biggest problem is that if I turn on GPS and then set an address in Navigator, it will lock up guaranteed. It usually works after a reboot, but that is every time and it's about a 10 minute process just to get directions.
So do I reset the fone right now, then root it or can I root it first, then reset it, or does it matter?
Edit: I see superoneclick supports GB now.
Hi, tomorrow I'm getting a nexus 7 (2013), and it's going to be my first android device, the thing is, as the first android device, I don't want to screw it up as soon as I get it.
There are some apps which I would like to get for it, for example the sixaxis controller app and anti ads apps but they require rooting, so the question is, should I root it and how safe is rooting. As my first tablet I want to be kinda safe about it, the thing which worries me the most is "bricking" and the fact that the warranty turns void, so I want to know how actually safe it is to root, I know there are different kinds of bricking, I already asked a guy on a youtube video and he said that it's unusual to get a nexus device bricked, expecially hard bricked, but he said that if it's hard bricked I'm kinda stuck, so is there no actual solution for some kind of bricking, please give me some advice, also this is my first post on the xda-developers forums, I was going to put links to the things I mentioned but I need to have at least 10 posts to put outside links :/.
MadJohny said:
Hi, tomorrow I'm getting a nexus 7 (2013), and it's going to be my first android device, the thing is, as the first android device, I don't want to screw it up as soon as I get it.
There are some apps which I would like to get for it, for example the sixaxis controller app and anti ads apps but they require rooting, so the question is, should I root it and how safe is rooting. As my first tablet I want to be kinda safe about it, the thing which worries me the most is "bricking" and the fact that the warranty turns void, so I want to know how actually safe it is to root, I know there are different kinds of bricking, I already asked a guy on a youtube video and he said that it's unusual to get a nexus device bricked, expecially hard bricked, but he said that if it's hard bricked I'm kinda stuck, so is there no actual solution for some kind of bricking, please give me some advice, also this is my first post on the xda-developers forums, I was going to put links to the things I mentioned but I need to have at least 10 posts to put outside links :/.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Welcome to the forum!
Rooting is safe, as long as you don't do stupid things, if you stay responsible, nothing bad could ever happen. Responsible means Googling if you don't know something, and if something looks risky, don't do it and maybe search for an alternative.
I have rooted 8 devices, so far, never has one been bricked.
The rooting proces alone is really easy, even someone with no Android experience, like you, can do that.
But with rooting you'll have to unlock the bootloader of your device, that means all data of your Nexus will be erased, so it's good to root the Nexus 7 right after you buy it, so you'll lose no important data.
This thread will give you a toolkit for Windows, in which you can root and unlock the bootloader: http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=2430708 (use option 3 in the root section, everything is automatic)
Before doing anything, please read really good, and if you don't know what something means, Google it first.
With a custom recovery, you can make a full backup of the current state of your device, so if it's bricked, you can access the custom recovery and restore the backup.
So what you have to do when you buy the Nexus 7, download and install the toolkit, go to the root section, click action 3 (unlocked bootloader, root and custom recovery). You're rooted. Then go to custom recovery (Google it if you don't know how to get there), and make a backup, so if anything happens and you are bricked, use a key combination to get in recovery and restore the backup, just like nothing happened
Hope this is enough for you!
Don't forget, if you have a question, feel free to PM me or to reply on this thread
Ibrahim9999 said:
Welcome to the forum!
Rooting is safe, as long as you don't do stupid things, if you stay responsible, nothing bad could ever happen. Responsible means Googling if you don't know something, and if something looks risky, don't do it and maybe search for an alternative.
I have rooted 8 devices, so far, never has one been bricked.
The rooting proces alone is really easy, even someone with no Android experience, like you, can do that.
But with rooting you'll have to unlock the bootloader of your device, that means all data of your Nexus will be erased, so it's good to root the Nexus 7 right after you buy it, so you'll lose no important data.
This thread will give you a toolkit for Windows, in which you can root and unlock the bootloader: http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=2430708 (use option 3 in the root section, everything is automatic)
Before doing anything, please read really good, and if you don't know what something means, Google it first.
With a custom recovery, you can make a full backup of the current state of your device, so if it's bricked, you can access the custom recovery and restore the backup.
So what you have to do when you buy the Nexus 7, download and install the toolkit, go to the root section, click action 3 (unlocked bootloader, root and custom recovery). You're rooted. Then go to custom recovery (Google it if you don't know how to get there), and make a backup, so if anything happens and you are bricked, use a key combination to get in recovery and restore the backup, just like nothing happened
Hope this is enough for you!
Don't forget, if you have a question, feel free to PM me or to reply on this thread
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Ok, thanks for the information, I was going to update the nexus to kitkat when I get it, so if I root it with kitkat I will still have the kitkat version right? I still don't think I'll root it when I get it, but this makes me feel safer about it, and when you say lose important data what do you mean? basically it will delete all the files I have on my nexus that weren't there in the first place(when I buy it) right?
MadJohny said:
Ok, thanks for the information, I was going to update the nexus to kitkat when I get it, so if I root it with kitkat I will still have the kitkat version right? I still don't think I'll root it when I get it, but this makes me feel safer about it, and when you say lose important data what do you mean? basically it will delete all the files I have on my nexus that weren't there in the first place(when I buy it) right?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yes, you're right about the last question.
When you root it, the KitKat version stays the same, don't worry.
Can you please thank my posts? Little effort from you and it really helps me
Ibrahim9999 said:
Yes, you're right about the last question.
When you root it, the KitKat version stays the same, don't worry.
Can you please thank my posts? Little effort from you and it really helps me
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Ok I thanked the posts, I already have my nexus 7, udpating it to kitkat right now, I will think about rooting later, I can do other stuff without it
edit: one more thing, does some of the apps that come with nexus get deleted on rooting? for example play store
that's right, rooting is safe if you know what you do, and do read first tutorials before doing it...goodluck
MadJohny said:
Ok I thanked the posts, I already have my nexus 7, udpating it to kitkat right now, I will think about rooting later, I can do other stuff without it
edit: one more thing, does some of the apps that come with nexus get deleted on rooting? for example play store
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
No, literally nothing changes in your Nexus 7 with rooting, except for 1 extra app being added. That's it.
actually it is depends on your own
if you are going to use some apps which are needed to root then you have no choice but to root
like Titanium Backup, Greenify, Autostarts, AdAway, etc
Rooting
Rooting is fine but it comes with great consequences like bad security and you can brick it, there's many things that can go wrong. But if you get thru that daunting, annoying and sometimes scary process of rooting you open a world of freedom and fun.