Updated iproute2 binary - Android Software/Hacking General [Developers Only]

I'm using ipv6 and I find that Android's implementation makes it very hard to identify my android devices in my netflow data (SLAAC coupled with use of temp addresses / privacy extensions yields long, unwieldy and ever-changing addresses). On my Windows and Linux boxes, I tend to use a combination of DHCPv6 and SLAAC coupled with an explicit ip token that allows me to give my devices IPv6 addresses where the suffix corresponds to the last octet of the IPv4 address. This makes tracking and identifying my devices a little easier. For example, a device with an IPv4 of 192.168.1.76 would get an IPv6 of fd42:2181:64f5::76/48.
Needless to say, on current versions of Marshmallow and Lollipop, this is currently impossible in an out-of the-box environment as Android doesn't support DHCPv6 and neither does the cut down ip binary provide the ip token functionality. Accordingly I cloned the latest version of the iproute2 source and compiled it for Android. Now my devices can use SLAAC with an ip token, get assigned the prefix by the router and generate their own suffix according to my desired paradigm.
In the hope that someone else might find it useful, I've uploaded armeabi-v7a and aarch64 binaries for both sdk22 and sdk23. Just use the appropriate binary to replace your existing one.
Download: iproute2

Related

[Q] hosts file to block ads

I've seen people mention a custom hosts file that blocks ads, also included in some roms. how would I go about doing this? or where can I find/make one of these hosts files?
Sent from my Nexus S using XDA Premium App
jaker.the.skater said:
I've seen people mention a custom hosts file that blocks ads, also included in some roms. how would I go about doing this? or where can I find/make one of these hosts files?
Sent from my Nexus S using XDA Premium App
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Adfree in the market
Sent from my Nexus S
Basically you would enter hostnames in the file from which you know that ads are loaded and associate them with invalid IP addresses so that a connection attempt will fail immediately. The address of the loop back interface (127.0.0.1) is most often used for that, since (if you are not running a web server on your phone) it will return a "connection refused" instantly without sending data out. Of course this will only work if the server hosts only ads and no content needed for you app.
You would have a line like this for every host to block:
Code:
127.0.0.1 adserver.myapp.com
The hostname adserver.myapp.com is of course an example. You would have to find out the real name from logfiles, for example by rerouting your smartphone traffic over some proxy you control.
For the format of the hosts file:
man hosts:
NAME
hosts - static table lookup for hostnames
SYNOPSIS
/etc/hosts
DESCRIPTION
This manual page describes the format of the /etc/hosts file. This file is a simple text file that associates IP addresses with hostnames, one line per IP
address. For each host a single line should be present with the following information:
IP_address canonical_hostname [aliases...]
Fields of the entry are separated by any number of blanks and/or tab characters. Text from a "#" character until the end of the line is a comment, and is
ignored. Host names may contain only alphanumeric characters, minus signs ("-"), and periods ("."). They must begin with an alphabetic character and end
with an alphanumeric character. Optional aliases provide for name changes, alternate spellings, shorter hostnames, or generic hostnames (for example,
localhost).
The Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) Server implements the Internet name server for UNIX systems. It augments or replaces the /etc/hosts file or host‐
name lookup, and frees a host from relying on /etc/hosts being up to date and complete.
In modern systems, even though the host table has been superseded by DNS, it is still widely used for:
bootstrapping
Most systems have a small host table containing the name and address information for important hosts on the local network. This is useful when DNS
is not running, for example during system bootup.
NIS Sites that use NIS use the host table as input to the NIS host database. Even though NIS can be used with DNS, most NIS sites still use the host
table with an entry for all local hosts as a backup.
isolated nodes
Very small sites that are isolated from the network use the host table instead of DNS. If the local information rarely changes, and the network is
not connected to the Internet, DNS offers little advantage.
FILES
/etc/hosts
NOTES
Modifications to this file normally take effect immediately, except in cases where the file is cached by applications.
Historical Notes
RFC 952 gave the original format for the host table, though it has since changed.
Before the advent of DNS, the host table was the only way of resolving hostnames on the fledgling Internet. Indeed, this file could be created from the
official host data base maintained at the Network Information Control Center (NIC), though local changes were often required to bring it up to date regard‐
ing unofficial aliases and/or unknown hosts. The NIC no longer maintains the hosts.txt files, though looking around at the time of writing (circa 2000),
there are historical hosts.txt files on the WWW. I just found three, from 92, 94, and 95.
EXAMPLE
127.0.0.1 localhost
192.168.1.10 foo.mydomain.org foo
192.168.1.13 bar.mydomain.org bar
146.82.138.7 master.debian.org master
209.237.226.90 www.opensource.org
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Of course, you also could follow the suggestion in post #2. You will need root in any case.
yep I have root. thanks so much for the detailed explanation! helped a ton.
Sent from my Nexus S using XDA Premium App

WiFi and 3g simultaneously Guide - need help following instructions

Hi,
I currently try to follow these instructions...
http://mobisocial.stanford.edu/news...together-by-hacking-connectivityservice-java/
Very hard for me. Don't know what to do.
The goal of COIN project is to use WiFi and 3G connections simultaneously. So it conflicts with the policy of Connectivity Service, but there is no configuration to edit the policy, and it is hard coded. You can find the clue in ConnectivityService.java:handleConnect function.
Our current solution is quite brutal, which is to mask the eyes of Connectivity Service by modifying its message handler entry like the following:
// must be stateless – things change under us.
private class MyHandler extends Handler {
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
NetworkInfo info;
//added by COIN to disable Connectivity Service
int networkState = 8; //not any following state
/*use static google dns server for wifi and 3g*/
if (msg.what == NetworkStateTracker.EVENT_STATE_CHANGED) {
SystemProperties.set(“net.dns1″, “8.8.8.8″);
SystemProperties.set(“net.dns2″, “8.8.4.4″);
bumpDns();
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////
//switch (msg.what) {
switch (networkState) {
case NetworkStateTracker.EVENT_STATE_CHANGED:
info = (NetworkInfo) msg.obj;
int type = info.getType();
…..
And then compile the modified ConnectivityService.java in the android source code tree, you can get an new services.jar file in framework directory. Replace the existing services.jar on the cell phone with the following adb commands, then reboot the phone
adb shell “mount -o rw,remount -t yaffs2 /dev/block/mtdblock3 /system”
adb shell “chmod 0777 /system/framework”
adb push services.jar /system/framework
adb shell “chmod 0644 /system/framework/services.jar”
adb shell “chmod 0755 /system/framework”
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Does he mean I have to compile the whole Android source code again?
So I would need to learn first, how to compile Android, then change this file, compile Android, copy file?
Instant of adb shell, could I also use root explorer?
How device dependant is this? Or how android version dependant?
Could someone offer the compiled file?
No answer yet.
I believe so. This is actually what compelled me to go learn to compile android by myself-- the constant switching between 3g and wifi in a semi-strong wifi zone sucks. For now I am starting with CM7 since it is so popular.
Yes you would need to compile the whole OS and it will only work on an AOSP rom. It will also be very version dependent.
Please let me know if it worked ! I probably don't think it will. Read this on the page:
Pallas Says:
April 13, 2012 at 5:58 am
are you sure the packets are going thru both interfaces?
I think it doesn’t work, simply because you would need two default gateways, leading to some hard problems:
- how does the system choose where to send the packets?
- for outgoing packets: unless the two connections have both statically assigned public IP addresses, which is very unlikely, you will end up with two differently NATed paths, and the client will refuse packets coming from two different ip addresses on the same connection.
- for incoming packets: to let the client send packets to both interfaces, you would need to send them from both interfaces with different source ip addresses: it will not work, the client will get confused. and anyway you would need support at the application level.
to solve all this, you’d need to:
- make an ad-hoc application which understands all this and can send chuncks to both interfaces, then merge all the returning chunks. you’d need support at the application level: for example you’d need http byte range support on both client and server
- divide “equally” the single specific connections thru the two gateways. this may work but it’s pretty hard if you do not have access to advanced routing and traffic shaping at the kernel level. may be possible on a phone with custom compiled aosp rom and modified kernel
gouthamsn said:
Please let me know if it worked ! I probably don't think it will. Read this on the page:
Pallas Says:
April 13, 2012 at 5:58 am
are you sure the packets are going thru both interfaces?
I think it doesn’t work, simply because you would need two default gateways, leading to some hard problems:
- how does the system choose where to send the packets?
- for outgoing packets: unless the two connections have both statically assigned public IP addresses, which is very unlikely, you will end up with two differently NATed paths, and the client will refuse packets coming from two different ip addresses on the same connection.
- for incoming packets: to let the client send packets to both interfaces, you would need to send them from both interfaces with different source ip addresses: it will not work, the client will get confused. and anyway you would need support at the application level.
to solve all this, you’d need to:
- make an ad-hoc application which understands all this and can send chuncks to both interfaces, then merge all the returning chunks. you’d need support at the application level: for example you’d need http byte range support on both client and server
- divide “equally” the single specific connections thru the two gateways. this may work but it’s pretty hard if you do not have access to advanced routing and traffic shaping at the kernel level. may be possible on a phone with custom compiled aosp rom and modified kernel
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
(Probably for your Interest
This project works on a MultiPath-TCP Implementation (follow link to mptcp.info.ucl.ac.be). The hard times you get is compiling the Kernel with the additional files. This Protocol can only work effectively for download Purposes if the Server also has a MPTCP Kernel running. But on the other Hand you can shut down a single connection without loosing the active Connection (Downloads are not interrupted and improved Bandwidth Capacity if your Server is MPTCP-Ready)
Until now this Protocol is only working for Homeservers or similar Projects, where you have full access to the Server and the working Kernel of the system.
I am currently working on implementation of the Protocol for my Bachelor Thesis. I already compiled a working Kernel (Glados Nexus S) and now i'm working on keeping both Interfaces active. I hope this Tut can help me...
Has anybody tried other approaches to this topic? I tried manually loading the wifi-module and configuring it, but i only managed to ping via one Interface.
You managed to make it work?
bagers said:
No answer yet.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
You managed to make it work? i want to make it also for my master thesis

A paper on closing possible holes

An interesting read :
Closing Open Holes
#JDevil#
With the spread of Hackers and Hacking incidents, the time has come, when not only system administrators of servers of big companies, but also people who connect to the Internet by dialing up into their ISP, have to worry about securing their system. It really does not make much difference whether you have a static IP or a dynamic one, if your system is connected to the Internet, then there is every chance of it being attacked.
This manual is aimed at discussing methods of system security analysis and will shed light on as to how to secure your standalone (also a system connected to a LAN) system.
Open Ports: A Threat to Security?
Now, which option is used to display all open connections on the local machine. It also returns the remote system to which we are connected to, the port numbers of the remote system we are connected to (and the local machine) and also the type and state of connection we have with the remote system.
For Example,
C:\windows>netstat -a
Active Connections
Proto Local Address Foreign Address State
TCP ankit:1031 dwarf.box.sk:ftp ESTABLISHED
TCP ankit:1036 dwarf.box.sk:ftp-data TIME_WAIT
TCP ankit:1043 banners.egroups.com:80 FIN_WAIT_2
TCP ankit:1045 mail2.mtnl.net.inop3 TIME_WAIT
TCP ankit:1052 zztop.boxnetwork.net:80 ESTABLISHED
TCP ankit:1053 mail2.mtnl.net.inop3 TIME_WAIT
UDP ankit:1025 *:*
UDP ankit:nbdatagram *:*
Now, let us take a single line from the above output and see what it stands for:
Proto Local Address Foreign Address State
TCP ankit:1031 dwarf.box.sk:ftp ESTABLISHED
Now, the above can be arranged as below:
Protocol: TCP (This can be Transmission Control Protocol or TCP, User Datagram Protocol or UDP or sometimes even, IP or Internet Protocol.)
Local System Name: ankit (This is the name of the local system that you set during the Windows setup.)
Local Port opened and being used by this connection: 1031
Remote System: dwarf.box.sk (This is the non-numerical form of the system to which we are connected.)
Remote Port: ftp (This is the port number of the remote system dwarf.box.sk to which we are connected.)
State of Connection: ESTABLISHED
Netstat? with the ? argument is normally used, to get a list of open ports on your own system i.e. on the local system. This can be particularly useful to check and see whether your system has a Trojan installed or not. Yes, most good Antiviral software are able to detect the presence of Trojans, but, we are hackers, and need to software to tell us, whether we are infected or not. Besides, it is more fun to do something manually than to simply click on the ?Scan? button and let some software do it.
The following is a list of Trojans and the port numbers which they use, if you Netstat yourself and find any of the following open, then you can be pretty sure, that you are infected.
Port 12345(TCP) Netbus
Port 31337(UDP) Back Orifice
For complete list, refer to the Tutorial on Trojans at: hackingtruths.box.sk/trojans.txt
----
Now, the above tutorial resulted in a number of people raising questions like: If the 'netstat -a' command shows open ports on my system, does this mean that anyone can connect to them? Or, How can I close these open ports? How do I know if an open port is a threat to my system's security of not? Well, the answer to all these question would be clear, once you read the below paragraph:
Now, the thing to understand here is that, Port numbers are divided into three ranges:
The Well Known Ports are those from 0 through 1023. This range or ports is bound to the services running on them. By this what I mean is that each port usually has a specific service running on it. You see there is an internationally accepted Port Numbers to Services rule, (refer RFC 1700 Here) which specifies as to on what port number a particular service runs. For Example, By Default or normally FTP runs on Port 21. So if you find that Port 21 is open on a particular system, then it usually means that that particular system uses the FTP Protocol to transfer files. However, please note that some smart system administrators delibrately i.e. to fool lamers run fake services on popular ports. For Example, a system might be running a fake FTP daemon on Port 21. Although you get the same interface like the FTP daemon banner, response numbers etc, however, it actually might be a software logging your prescence and sometimes even tracing you!!!
The Registered Ports are those from 1024 through 49151. This range of port numbers is not bound to any specific service. Actually, Networking utlites like your Browser, Email Client, FTP software opens a random port within this range and starts a communication with the remote server. A port number within this range is the reason why you are able to surf the net or check your email etc.
If you find that when you give the netstat -a command, then a number of ports within this range are open, then you should probably not worry. These ports are simply opened so that you can get your software applications to do what you want them to do. These ports are opened temporarily by various applications to perform tasks. They act as a buffer transfering packets (data) received to the application and vis-a-versa. Once you close the application, then you find that these ports are closed automatically. For Example, when you type www.hotmail.com in your browser, then your browser randomly chooses a Registered Port and uses it as a buffer to communicate with the various remote servers involved.
The Dynamic and/or Private Ports are those from 49152 through 65535. This range is rarely used, and is mostly used by trojans, however some application do tend to use such high range port numbers. For Example,Sun starts their RPC ports at 32768.
So this basically brings us to what to do if you find that Netstat gives you a couple of open ports on your system:
1. Check the Trojan Port List and check if the open port matches with any of the popular ones. If it does then get a trojan Removal and remove the trojan.
2. If it doesn't or if the Trojan Remover says: No trojan found, then see if the open port lies in the registered Ports range. If yes, then you have nothing to worry, so forget about it.
***********************
HACKING TRUTH: A common technique employed by a number of system administrators, is remapping ports. For example, normally the default port for HTTP is 80. However, the system administrator could also remap it to Port 8080. Now, if that is the case, then the homepage hosted at that server would be at:
http://domain.com:8080 instead of
http://domain.com:80
The idea behind Port Remapping is that instead of running a service on a well known port, where it can easily be exploited, it would be better to run it on a not so well known port, as the hacker, would find it more difficult to find that service. He would have to port scan high range of numbers to discover port remapping.
The ports used for remapping are usually pretty easy to remember. They are choosen keeping in mind the default port number at which the service being remapped should be running. For Example, POP by default runs on Port 110. However, if you were to remap it, you would choose any of the following: 1010, 11000, 1111 etc etc
Some sysadmins also like to choose Port numbers in the following manner: 1234,2345,3456,4567 and so on... Yet another reason as to why Port Remapping is done, is that on a Unix System to be able to listen to a port under 1024, you must have root previledges.
************************
Firewalls
Use of Firewalls is no longer confined to servers or websites or commerical companies. Even if you simply dial up into your ISP or use PPP (Point to Point Protocol) to surf the net, you simply cannot do without a firewall. So what exactly is a firewall?
Well, in non-geek language, a firewall is basically a shield which protects your system from the untrusted non-reliable systems connected to the Internet. It is a software which listens to all ports on your system for any attempts to open a connection and when it detects such an attempt, then it reacts according to the predefined set of rules. So basically, a firewall is something that protects the network(or systen) from the Internet. It is derived from the concept of firewalls used in vehicles which is a barrier made of fire resistant material protecting the vehicle in case of fire.
Now, for a better 'according to the bible' defination of a firewall: A firewall is best described as a software or hardware or both Hardware and Software packet filter that allows only selected packets to pass through from the Internet to your private internal network. A firewall is a system or a group of systems which guard a trusted network( The Internal Private Network from the untrusted network (The Internet.)
NOTE: This was a very brief desciption of what a firewall is, I would not be going into the details of their working in this manual.
Anyway,the term 'Firewalls', (which were generally used by companies for commerical purposes) has evolved into a new term called 'Personal Firewalls'. Now this term is basically used to refer to firewalls installed on a standalone system which may or may not be networked i.e. It usually connects to an ISP. Or in other words a personal firewall is a firewall used for personal use.
Now that you have a basic desciption as to what a firewall is, let us move on to why exactly you need to install a Firewall? Or, how can not installing a firewall pose a threat to the security of your system?
You see, when you are connected to the Internet, then you have millions of other untrusted systems connected to it as well. If somehow someone found out your IP address, then they could do probably anything to your system. They could exploit any vulnerability existing in your system, damage your data, and even use your system to hack into other computers.
Finding out someone'e IP Address is not very difficult. Anybody can find out your IP, through various Chat Services, Instant Messengers (ICQ, MSN, AOL etc), through a common ISP and numerous other ways. Infact finding out the IP Address of a specific person is not always the priority of some hackers.
What I mean to say by that is that there are a number of Scripts and utilities available which scan all IP addresses between a certain range for predefined common vulnerabilities. For Example, Systems with File Sharing Enabled or a system running an OS which is vulnerable to the Ping of Death attack etc etc As soon as a vulnerable system is found, then they use the IP to carry out the attacks.
The most common scanners look for systems with RAT's or Remote Administration Tools installed. They send a packet to common Trojan ports and display whether the victim's system has that Trojan installed or not. The 'Scan Range of IP Addresses' that these programs accept are quite wide and one can easily find a vulnerable system in the matter of minutes or even seconds.
Trojan Horses like Back Orifice provide remote access to your system and can set up a password sniffer. The combination of a back door and a sniffer is a dangerous one: The back door provides future remote access, while the sniffer may reveal important information about you like your other Passwords, Bank Details, Credit Card Numbers, Social Security Number etc If your home system is connected to a local LAN and the attacker manages to install a backdoor on it, then you probably have given the attacker the same access level to your internal network, as you have. This wouls also mean that you will have created a back door into your network that bypasses any firewall that may be guarding the front door.
You may argue with me that as you are using a dial up link to your ISP via PPP, the attacker would be able to access your machine only when you are online. Well, yes that is true, however, not completely true. Yes, it does make access to your system when you reconnect, difficult, as you have a dynamic Internet Protocol Address. But, although this provides a faint hope of protection, routine scanning of the range of IP's in which your IP lies, will more often than not reveal your current Dynamic IP and the back door will provide access to your system.
*******************
HACKING TRUTH: Microsoft Says: War Dialer programs automatically scan for modems by trying every phone number within an exchange. If the modem can only be used for dial-out connections, a War Dialer won't discover it. However, PPP changes the equation, as it provides bidirectional transportmaking any connected system visible to scanners?and attackers.
*******************
So how do I protect myself from such Scans and unsolicitated attacks? Well, this is where Personal Firewalls come in. They just like their name suggests, protect you from unsolicitated connection probes, scans, attacks.
They listen to all ports for any connection requests received (from both legitimate and fake hosts) and sent (by applications like Browser, Email Client etc.) As soon as such an instance is recorded, it pops up a warning asking you what to do or whether to allow the connection to initiate or not. This warning message also contains the IP which is trying to initiate the connection and also the Port Number to which it is trying to connect i.e. the Port to which the packet was sent. It also protects your system from Port Scans, DOS Attacks, Vulnerability attacks etc. So basically it acts as a shield or a buffer which does not allow your system to communicate with the untrusted systems directly.
Most Personal Firewalls have extensive logging facilities which allows you to track down the attackers. Some popular firewalls are:
ZoneAlarm: The easiest to setup and manage firewall. Get it for free at: www.zonelabs.com
Once you have installed a firewall on your system, you will often get a number of Warnings which might seem to be as if someone is trying to break into your system, however, they are actually bogus messages, which are caused by either your OS itself or due to the process called Allocation of Dynamic IP's. For a details description of these two, read on.
Many people complain that as soon as they dial into their ISP, their firewall says that such and such IP is probing Port X. What causes them?
Well, this is quite common. The cause is that somebody hung up just before you dialed in and your ISP assigned you the same IP address. You are now seeing the remains of communication with the previous person. This is most common when the person to which the IP was assigned earlier was using ICQ or chat programs, was connected to a Game Server or simply turned off his modem before his communication with remote servers was complete.
You might even get a message like: Such and Such IP is trying to initaite a Netbios Session on Port X. This again is extrememly common. The following is an explanation as to why it happens, which I picked up a couple of days ago: NetBIOS requests to UDP port 137 are the most common item you will see in your firewall reject logs. This comes about from a feature in Microsoft's Windows: when a program resolves an IP address into a name, it may send a NetBIOS query to IP address. This is part of the background radiation of the Internet, and is nothing to be concerned about.
What Causes them? On virtually all systems (UNIX, Macintosh, Windows), programs call the function 'gethostbyaddr()' with the desired address. This function will then do the appropriate lookup, and return the name. This function is part of the sockets API. The key thing to remember about gethostbyaddr() is that it is virtual. It doesn't specify how it resolves an address into a name. In practice, it will use all available mechanisms. If we look at UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh systems, we see the following techniques:
DNS in-addr.arpa PTR queries sent to the DNS server
NetBIOS NodeStatus queries sent to the IP address
lookups in the /etc/hosts file
AppleTalk over IP name query sent to the IP address
RPC query sent to the UNIX NIS server
NetBIOS lookup sent to the WINS server
Windows systems do the /etc/hosts, DNS, WINS, and NodeStatus techniques. In more excruciating detail, Microsoft has a generic system component called a naming service. All the protocol stacks in the system (NetBIOS, TCP/IP, Novel IPX, AppleTalk, Banyan, etc.) register the kinds of name resolutions they can perform. Some RPC products will likewise register an NIS naming service. When a program requests to resolve an address, this address gets passed onto the generic naming service. Windows will try each registered name resolution subsystem sequentially until it gets an answer.
(Side note: User's sometimes complained that accessing Windows servers is slow. This is caused by installing unneeded protocol stacks that must timeout first before the real protocol stack is queried for the server name.).
The order in which it performs these resolution steps for IP addresses can be configured under the Windows registry key
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\ServiceProvider.
Breaking Through Firewalls
Although Firewalls are meant to provide your complete protection from Port Scan probes etc there are several holes existing in popular firewalls, waiting to be exploited. In this issue, I will discuss a hole in ZoneAlarm Version 2.1.10 to 2.0.26, which allows the attacker to port scan the target system (Although normally it should stop such scans.)
If one uses port 67 as the source port of a TCP or UDP scan, ZoneAlarm will let the packet through and will not notify the user. This means, that one can TCP or UDP port scan a ZoneAlarm protected computer as if there were no firewall there IF one uses port 67 as the source port on the packets.
Exploit:
UDP Scan:
You can use NMap to port scan the host with the following command line:
nmap -g67 -P0 -p130-140 -sU 192.168.128.88
(Notice the -g67 which specifies source port).
TCP Scan:
You can use NMap to port scan the host with the following command line:
nmap -g67 -P0 -p130-140 -sS 192.168.128.88
(Notice the -g67 which specifies source port).
JDevil

Closing open holes

An interesting read
Closing Open Holes
#JDevil#
With the spread of Hackers and Hacking incidents, the time has come, when not only system administrators of servers of big companies, but also people who connect to the Internet by dialing up into their ISP, have to worry about securing their system. It really does not make much difference whether you have a static IP or a dynamic one, if your system is connected to the Internet, then there is every chance of it being attacked.
This manual is aimed at discussing methods of system security analysis and will shed light on as to how to secure your standalone (also a system connected to a LAN) system.
Open Ports: A Threat to Security?
Now, which option is used to display all open connections on the local machine. It also returns the remote system to which we are connected to, the port numbers of the remote system we are connected to (and the local machine) and also the type and state of connection we have with the remote system.
For Example,
C:\windows>netstat -a
Active Connections
Proto Local Address Foreign Address State
TCP ankit:1031 dwarf.box.sk:ftp ESTABLISHED
TCP ankit:1036 dwarf.box.sk:ftp-data TIME_WAIT
TCP ankit:1043 banners.egroups.com:80 FIN_WAIT_2
TCP ankit:1045 mail2.mtnl.net.inop3 TIME_WAIT
TCP ankit:1052 zztop.boxnetwork.net:80 ESTABLISHED
TCP ankit:1053 mail2.mtnl.net.inop3 TIME_WAIT
UDP ankit:1025 *:*
UDP ankit:nbdatagram *:*
Now, let us take a single line from the above output and see what it stands for:
Proto Local Address Foreign Address State
TCP ankit:1031 dwarf.box.sk:ftp ESTABLISHED
Now, the above can be arranged as below:
Protocol: TCP (This can be Transmission Control Protocol or TCP, User Datagram Protocol or UDP or sometimes even, IP or Internet Protocol.)
Local System Name: ankit (This is the name of the local system that you set during the Windows setup.)
Local Port opened and being used by this connection: 1031
Remote System: dwarf.box.sk (This is the non-numerical form of the system to which we are connected.)
Remote Port: ftp (This is the port number of the remote system dwarf.box.sk to which we are connected.)
State of Connection: ESTABLISHED
Netstat? with the ? argument is normally used, to get a list of open ports on your own system i.e. on the local system. This can be particularly useful to check and see whether your system has a Trojan installed or not. Yes, most good Antiviral software are able to detect the presence of Trojans, but, we are hackers, and need to software to tell us, whether we are infected or not. Besides, it is more fun to do something manually than to simply click on the ?Scan? button and let some software do it.
The following is a list of Trojans and the port numbers which they use, if you Netstat yourself and find any of the following open, then you can be pretty sure, that you are infected.
Port 12345(TCP) Netbus
Port 31337(UDP) Back Orifice
For complete list, refer to the Tutorial on Trojans at: hackingtruths.box.sk/trojans.txt
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Now, the above tutorial resulted in a number of people raising questions like: If the 'netstat -a' command shows open ports on my system, does this mean that anyone can connect to them? Or, How can I close these open ports? How do I know if an open port is a threat to my system's security of not? Well, the answer to all these question would be clear, once you read the below paragraph:
Now, the thing to understand here is that, Port numbers are divided into three ranges:
The Well Known Ports are those from 0 through 1023. This range or ports is bound to the services running on them. By this what I mean is that each port usually has a specific service running on it. You see there is an internationally accepted Port Numbers to Services rule, (refer RFC 1700 Here) which specifies as to on what port number a particular service runs. For Example, By Default or normally FTP runs on Port 21. So if you find that Port 21 is open on a particular system, then it usually means that that particular system uses the FTP Protocol to transfer files. However, please note that some smart system administrators delibrately i.e. to fool lamers run fake services on popular ports. For Example, a system might be running a fake FTP daemon on Port 21. Although you get the same interface like the FTP daemon banner, response numbers etc, however, it actually might be a software logging your prescence and sometimes even tracing you!!!
The Registered Ports are those from 1024 through 49151. This range of port numbers is not bound to any specific service. Actually, Networking utlites like your Browser, Email Client, FTP software opens a random port within this range and starts a communication with the remote server. A port number within this range is the reason why you are able to surf the net or check your email etc.
If you find that when you give the netstat -a command, then a number of ports within this range are open, then you should probably not worry. These ports are simply opened so that you can get your software applications to do what you want them to do. These ports are opened temporarily by various applications to perform tasks. They act as a buffer transfering packets (data) received to the application and vis-a-versa. Once you close the application, then you find that these ports are closed automatically. For Example, when you type www.hotmail.com in your browser, then your browser randomly chooses a Registered Port and uses it as a buffer to communicate with the various remote servers involved.
The Dynamic and/or Private Ports are those from 49152 through 65535. This range is rarely used, and is mostly used by trojans, however some application do tend to use such high range port numbers. For Example,Sun starts their RPC ports at 32768.
So this basically brings us to what to do if you find that Netstat gives you a couple of open ports on your system:
1. Check the Trojan Port List and check if the open port matches with any of the popular ones. If it does then get a trojan Removal and remove the trojan.
2. If it doesn't or if the Trojan Remover says: No trojan found, then see if the open port lies in the registered Ports range. If yes, then you have nothing to worry, so forget about it.
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HACKING TRUTH: A common technique employed by a number of system administrators, is remapping ports. For example, normally the default port for HTTP is 80. However, the system administrator could also remap it to Port 8080. Now, if that is the case, then the homepage hosted at that server would be at:
http://domain.com:8080 instead of
http://domain.com:80
The idea behind Port Remapping is that instead of running a service on a well known port, where it can easily be exploited, it would be better to run it on a not so well known port, as the hacker, would find it more difficult to find that service. He would have to port scan high range of numbers to discover port remapping.
The ports used for remapping are usually pretty easy to remember. They are choosen keeping in mind the default port number at which the service being remapped should be running. For Example, POP by default runs on Port 110. However, if you were to remap it, you would choose any of the following: 1010, 11000, 1111 etc etc
Some sysadmins also like to choose Port numbers in the following manner: 1234,2345,3456,4567 and so on... Yet another reason as to why Port Remapping is done, is that on a Unix System to be able to listen to a port under 1024, you must have root previledges.
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Firewalls
Use of Firewalls is no longer confined to servers or websites or commerical companies. Even if you simply dial up into your ISP or use PPP (Point to Point Protocol) to surf the net, you simply cannot do without a firewall. So what exactly is a firewall?
Well, in non-geek language, a firewall is basically a shield which protects your system from the untrusted non-reliable systems connected to the Internet. It is a software which listens to all ports on your system for any attempts to open a connection and when it detects such an attempt, then it reacts according to the predefined set of rules. So basically, a firewall is something that protects the network(or systen) from the Internet. It is derived from the concept of firewalls used in vehicles which is a barrier made of fire resistant material protecting the vehicle in case of fire.
Now, for a better 'according to the bible' defination of a firewall: A firewall is best described as a software or hardware or both Hardware and Software packet filter that allows only selected packets to pass through from the Internet to your private internal network. A firewall is a system or a group of systems which guard a trusted network( The Internal Private Network from the untrusted network (The Internet.)
NOTE: This was a very brief desciption of what a firewall is, I would not be going into the details of their working in this manual.
Anyway,the term 'Firewalls', (which were generally used by companies for commerical purposes) has evolved into a new term called 'Personal Firewalls'. Now this term is basically used to refer to firewalls installed on a standalone system which may or may not be networked i.e. It usually connects to an ISP. Or in other words a personal firewall is a firewall used for personal use.
Now that you have a basic desciption as to what a firewall is, let us move on to why exactly you need to install a Firewall? Or, how can not installing a firewall pose a threat to the security of your system?
You see, when you are connected to the Internet, then you have millions of other untrusted systems connected to it as well. If somehow someone found out your IP address, then they could do probably anything to your system. They could exploit any vulnerability existing in your system, damage your data, and even use your system to hack into other computers.
Finding out someone'e IP Address is not very difficult. Anybody can find out your IP, through various Chat Services, Instant Messengers (ICQ, MSN, AOL etc), through a common ISP and numerous other ways. Infact finding out the IP Address of a specific person is not always the priority of some hackers.
What I mean to say by that is that there are a number of Scripts and utilities available which scan all IP addresses between a certain range for predefined common vulnerabilities. For Example, Systems with File Sharing Enabled or a system running an OS which is vulnerable to the Ping of Death attack etc etc As soon as a vulnerable system is found, then they use the IP to carry out the attacks.
The most common scanners look for systems with RAT's or Remote Administration Tools installed. They send a packet to common Trojan ports and display whether the victim's system has that Trojan installed or not. The 'Scan Range of IP Addresses' that these programs accept are quite wide and one can easily find a vulnerable system in the matter of minutes or even seconds.
Trojan Horses like Back Orifice provide remote access to your system and can set up a password sniffer. The combination of a back door and a sniffer is a dangerous one: The back door provides future remote access, while the sniffer may reveal important information about you like your other Passwords, Bank Details, Credit Card Numbers, Social Security Number etc If your home system is connected to a local LAN and the attacker manages to install a backdoor on it, then you probably have given the attacker the same access level to your internal network, as you have. This wouls also mean that you will have created a back door into your network that bypasses any firewall that may be guarding the front door.
You may argue with me that as you are using a dial up link to your ISP via PPP, the attacker would be able to access your machine only when you are online. Well, yes that is true, however, not completely true. Yes, it does make access to your system when you reconnect, difficult, as you have a dynamic Internet Protocol Address. But, although this provides a faint hope of protection, routine scanning of the range of IP's in which your IP lies, will more often than not reveal your current Dynamic IP and the back door will provide access to your system.
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HACKING TRUTH: Microsoft Says: War Dialer programs automatically scan for modems by trying every phone number within an exchange. If the modem can only be used for dial-out connections, a War Dialer won't discover it. However, PPP changes the equation, as it provides bidirectional transportmaking any connected system visible to scanners?and attackers.
*******************
So how do I protect myself from such Scans and unsolicitated attacks? Well, this is where Personal Firewalls come in. They just like their name suggests, protect you from unsolicitated connection probes, scans, attacks.
They listen to all ports for any connection requests received (from both legitimate and fake hosts) and sent (by applications like Browser, Email Client etc.) As soon as such an instance is recorded, it pops up a warning asking you what to do or whether to allow the connection to initiate or not. This warning message also contains the IP which is trying to initiate the connection and also the Port Number to which it is trying to connect i.e. the Port to which the packet was sent. It also protects your system from Port Scans, DOS Attacks, Vulnerability attacks etc. So basically it acts as a shield or a buffer which does not allow your system to communicate with the untrusted systems directly.
Most Personal Firewalls have extensive logging facilities which allows you to track down the attackers. Some popular firewalls are:
ZoneAlarm: The easiest to setup and manage firewall. Get it for free at: www.zonelabs.com
Once you have installed a firewall on your system, you will often get a number of Warnings which might seem to be as if someone is trying to break into your system, however, they are actually bogus messages, which are caused by either your OS itself or due to the process called Allocation of Dynamic IP's. For a details description of these two, read on.
Many people complain that as soon as they dial into their ISP, their firewall says that such and such IP is probing Port X. What causes them?
Well, this is quite common. The cause is that somebody hung up just before you dialed in and your ISP assigned you the same IP address. You are now seeing the remains of communication with the previous person. This is most common when the person to which the IP was assigned earlier was using ICQ or chat programs, was connected to a Game Server or simply turned off his modem before his communication with remote servers was complete.
You might even get a message like: Such and Such IP is trying to initaite a Netbios Session on Port X. This again is extrememly common. The following is an explanation as to why it happens, which I picked up a couple of days ago: NetBIOS requests to UDP port 137 are the most common item you will see in your firewall reject logs. This comes about from a feature in Microsoft's Windows: when a program resolves an IP address into a name, it may send a NetBIOS query to IP address. This is part of the background radiation of the Internet, and is nothing to be concerned about.
What Causes them? On virtually all systems (UNIX, Macintosh, Windows), programs call the function 'gethostbyaddr()' with the desired address. This function will then do the appropriate lookup, and return the name. This function is part of the sockets API. The key thing to remember about gethostbyaddr() is that it is virtual. It doesn't specify how it resolves an address into a name. In practice, it will use all available mechanisms. If we look at UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh systems, we see the following techniques:
DNS in-addr.arpa PTR queries sent to the DNS server
NetBIOS NodeStatus queries sent to the IP address
lookups in the /etc/hosts file
AppleTalk over IP name query sent to the IP address
RPC query sent to the UNIX NIS server
NetBIOS lookup sent to the WINS server
Windows systems do the /etc/hosts, DNS, WINS, and NodeStatus techniques. In more excruciating detail, Microsoft has a generic system component called a naming service. All the protocol stacks in the system (NetBIOS, TCP/IP, Novel IPX, AppleTalk, Banyan, etc.) register the kinds of name resolutions they can perform. Some RPC products will likewise register an NIS naming service. When a program requests to resolve an address, this address gets passed onto the generic naming service. Windows will try each registered name resolution subsystem sequentially until it gets an answer.
(Side note: User's sometimes complained that accessing Windows servers is slow. This is caused by installing unneeded protocol stacks that must timeout first before the real protocol stack is queried for the server name.).
The order in which it performs these resolution steps for IP addresses can be configured under the Windows registry key
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\ServiceProvider.
Breaking Through Firewalls
Although Firewalls are meant to provide your complete protection from Port Scan probes etc there are several holes existing in popular firewalls, waiting to be exploited. In this issue, I will discuss a hole in ZoneAlarm Version 2.1.10 to 2.0.26, which allows the attacker to port scan the target system (Although normally it should stop such scans.)
If one uses port 67 as the source port of a TCP or UDP scan, ZoneAlarm will let the packet through and will not notify the user. This means, that one can TCP or UDP port scan a ZoneAlarm protected computer as if there were no firewall there IF one uses port 67 as the source port on the packets.
Exploit:
UDP Scan:
You can use NMap to port scan the host with the following command line:
nmap -g67 -P0 -p130-140 -sU 192.168.128.88
(Notice the -g67 which specifies source port).
TCP Scan:
You can use NMap to port scan the host with the following command line:
nmap -g67 -P0 -p130-140 -sS 192.168.128.88
(Notice the -g67 which specifies source port).
JDevil
Nice tutorial! Thanks!...But while having a look at the topic I had to smile... Vulnerabilities sounds better.
Lol exactly hahhahahah , thanks for the kind words
Sent from my SAMSUNG-SGH-I317 using xda app-developers app
Pretty amazing read, I'm impressed. What OS do you you on your home PC jeremyandroid? just curious?
js663k1 said:
Pretty amazing read, I'm impressed. What OS do you you on your home PC jeremyandroid? just curious?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Kali Linux, been a while bro, still got your badge I'm signature hahahha nice ,even though I havnt done anything in a long time but papers .

[Feature Request] unbound DNSSEC

Yes, I know, I'll likely be the one working on this having requested it.
Admittedly, there are a lot of usability issues with redirecting outbound DNS queries from the Android resolver to a local resolver. Most problematic are when the DHCP-specified DNS servers are to be trusted (such as on trusted WiFi or trusted VPN that has "private" address information).
Assuming that those could be worked through in some reasonable way (I haven't looked at what M offers for notification and the like, but am not terribly happy with the way that WiFi Privacy prompts when it finds an unknown MAC), I'd like to suggest that "we" look at unbound as it supplies DNSSEC, as well as being arguably more robust and secure than something like dnsmasq.
There has been some good work done on the executable port:
https://unbound.net/pipermail/unbound-users/2015-August/003976.html
https://github.com/smarek/android-unbound-dns
There will likely be additional complexities with Google dropping OpenSSL in favor of BoringSSL.
(The SSL library change will likely impact ssh and rsync on my phone, which I use for backup, so getting both of those to build again under M will be a higher priority for me)
I think the most challenging parts will be the UX on how to control it as well as getting the redirection to play nicely with widely used firewall tools out there such as AFWall.
I'll at least be thinking about that UX part. Without that, it won't have the utility to balance the cost.

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