I have a Xiaomi 4c and TWRP without rooting. The 4c only has internal memory. The twrp when it opens always asks me to put the memory as read only and I think the last time I opened it was applied. The problem is that now It dont load the twrp and several applications can not save files in memory (I get error that does not have permission) it does not let me install the TWRP again, also using adb (error that I do not have permission). Trying to install it otherwise gives error. I tried to change write permissions but either I do not do it right or I continue without permission. Also it do not let me do hard reset or install another recovery. suggestions?
(This is the result of mount)
libra:/ $ mount
rootfs on / type rootfs (ro,seclabel)
tmpfs on /dev type tmpfs (rw,seclabel,nosuid,relatime,size=908932k,nr_inodes=227233,mode=755)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,seclabel,relatime,mode=600)
none on /dev/memcg type cgroup (rw,relatime,memory)
none on /dev/cpuctl type cgroup (rw,relatime,cpu)
none on /dev/cpuset type cgroup (rw,relatime,cpuset,noprefix,release_agent=/sbin/cpuset_release_agent)
adb on /dev/usb-ffs/adb type functionfs (rw,relatime)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,relatime,gid=3009,hidepid=2)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,seclabel,relatime)
selinuxfs on /sys/fs/selinux type selinuxfs (rw,relatime)
debugfs on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw,seclabel,relatime)
pstore on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw,seclabel,relatime)
none on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (rw,seclabel,relatime,size=908932k,nr_inodes=227233,mode=750,gid=1000)
none on /sys/fs/cgroup/memory type cgroup (rw,relatime,memory)
none on /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer type cgroup (rw,relatime,freezer)
none on /var type tmpfs (rw,seclabel,relatime,size=908932k,nr_inodes=227233,mode=770,gid=1000)
none on /acct type cgroup (rw,relatime,cpuacct)
tmpfs on /mnt type tmpfs (rw,seclabel,relatime,size=908932k,nr_inodes=227233,mode=755,gid=1000)
/dev/fuse on /mnt/runtime/default/emulated type fuse
(rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,noatime,user_id=1023,group_id=1023,default_permissions,allow_other)
/dev/fuse on /mnt/runtime/read/emulated type fuse
(rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,noatime,user_id=1023,group_id=1023,default_permissions,allow_other)
/dev/fuse on /mnt/runtime/write/emulated type fuse
(rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,noatime,user_id=1023,group_id=1023,default_permissions,allow_other)
none on /config type configfs (rw,relatime)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/system on /system type ext4 (ro,seclabel,noatime,data=ordered)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/userdata on /data type ext4
(rw,seclabel,nosuid,nodev,relatime,discard,noauto_da_alloc,data=ordered)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/cust on /cust type ext4 (rw,seclabel,nosuid,nodev,relatime,data=ordered)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/cache on /cache type ext4 (rw,seclabel,nosuid,nodev,relatime,data=ordered)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/persist on /persist type ext4 (rw,seclabel,nosuid,nodev,relatime,data=ordered)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/modem on /firmware type vfat
(ro,context=ubject_r:firmware_file:s0,relatime,uid=1000,gid=1000,fmask=0337,dmask=0227,codepage=437,iocharset=i
so8859-1,shortname=lower,errors=remount-ro)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/bluetooth on /bt_firmware type vfat
(ro,context=ubject_r:bt_firmware_file:s0,relatime,uid=1002,gid=3002,fmask=0337,dmask=0227,codepage=437,iocharse
t=iso8859-1,shortname=lower,errors=remount-ro)
tmpfs on /storage type tmpfs (rw,seclabel,relatime,size=908932k,nr_inodes=227233,mode=755,gid=1000)
/dev/fuse on /storage/emulated type fuse
(rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,noatime,user_id=1023,group_id=1023,default_permissions,allow_other)
tmpfs on /storage/self type tmpfs (rw,seclabel,relatime,size=908932k,nr_inodes=227233,mode=755,gid=1000)
libra:/ $
Related
/ # mount
rootfs on / type rootfs (ro,relatime)
tmpfs on /dev type tmpfs (rw,relatime,mode=755)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,relatime,mode=600)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,relatime)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,relatime)
none on /acct type cgroup (rw,relatime,cpuacct)
tmpfs on /mnt/asec type tmpfs (rw,relatime,mode=755,gid=1000)
none on /dev/cpuctl type cgroup (rw,relatime,cpu)
/dev/block/stl9 on /system type rfs (ro,relatime,vfat,log_off,check=no,gid/uid/)
/dev/block/stl10 on /data type rfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,vfat,llw,check=no,)
/dev/block/stl11 on /cache type rfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,vfat,llw,check=no)
/dev/block/stl3 on /efs type rfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,vfat,llw,check=no,gi)
/dev/block/stl6 on /mnt/.lfs type j4fs (rw,relatime)
debugfs on /debug type debugfs (rw,relatime)
/dev/block/vold/179:1 on /mnt/sdcard type vfat (rw,dirsync,nosuid,nodev,noexec,)
/dev/block/vold/179:1 on /mnt/secure/asec type vfat (rw,dirsync,nosuid,nodev,no)
tmpfs on /mnt/sdcard/.android_secure type tmpfs (ro,relatime,size=0k,mode=000)
vold.fstab
http://hotfile.com/dl/131250498/745fe23/vold.fstab.html
hoho9043 said:
/ # mount
rootfs on / type rootfs (ro,relatime)
tmpfs on /dev type tmpfs (rw,relatime,mode=755)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,relatime,mode=600)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,relatime)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,relatime)
none on /acct type cgroup (rw,relatime,cpuacct)
tmpfs on /mnt/asec type tmpfs (rw,relatime,mode=755,gid=1000)
none on /dev/cpuctl type cgroup (rw,relatime,cpu)
/dev/block/stl9 on /system type rfs (ro,relatime,vfat,log_off,check=no,gid/uid/)
/dev/block/stl10 on /data type rfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,vfat,llw,check=no,)
/dev/block/stl11 on /cache type rfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,vfat,llw,check=no)
/dev/block/stl3 on /efs type rfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,vfat,llw,check=no,gi)
/dev/block/stl6 on /mnt/.lfs type j4fs (rw,relatime)
debugfs on /debug type debugfs (rw,relatime)
/dev/block/vold/179:1 on /mnt/sdcard type vfat (rw,dirsync,nosuid,nodev,noexec,)
/dev/block/vold/179:1 on /mnt/secure/asec type vfat (rw,dirsync,nosuid,nodev,no)
tmpfs on /mnt/sdcard/.android_secure type tmpfs (ro,relatime,size=0k,mode=000)
vold.fstab
http://hotfile.com/dl/131250498/745fe23/vold.fstab.html
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Uh? In the wrong section?
my hh was imei unknown n baseband also...
how to fix it...
# su
su
# mount
mount
rootfs on / type rootfs (rw,relatime)
tmpfs on /dev type tmpfs (rw,relatime,mode=111)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,relatime,mode=600)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,relatime)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,relatime)
none on /acct type cgroup (rw,relatime,cpuacct)
tmpfs on /mnt/asec type tmpfs (rw,relatime,mode=755,gid=1000)
tmpfs on /mnt/obb type tmpfs (rw,relatime,mode=755,gid=1000)
none on /dev/cpuctl type cgroup (rw,relatime,cpu)
/sys/kernel/debug on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw,relatime)
/dev/block/stl9 on /system type rfs (rw,relatime,vfat,llw,check=no,gid/uid/rwx,i
ocharset=utf8)
/dev/block/mmcblk0p3 on /data type rfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,vfat,llw,check=
no,gid/uid/rwx,iocharset=utf8)
/dev/block/stl10 on /dbdata type rfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,vfat,llw,check=no
,gid/uid/rwx,iocharset=utf8)
/dev/block/stl6 on /mnt/.lfs type j4fs (rw,relatime)
debugfs on /debug type debugfs (rw,relatime)
/dev/block/stl11 on /cache type rfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,vfat,llw,check=no,
gid/uid/rwx,iocharset=utf8)
/dev/block/vold/179:1 on /mnt/sdcard type vfat (rw,dirsync,nosuid,nodev,noexec,n
oatime,nodiratime,uid=1000,gid=1015,fmask=0002,dma sk=0002,allow_utime=0020,codep
age=cp437,iocharset=iso8859-1,shortname=mixed,utf8,errors=remount-ro,discard)
/dev/block/vold/179:17 on /mnt/sdcard/external_sd type vfat (rw,dirsync,nosuid,n
odev,noexec,noatime,nodiratime,uid=1000,gid=1015,f mask=0002,dmask=0002,allow_uti
me=0020,codepage=cp437,iocharset=iso8859-1,shortname=mixed,utf8,errors=remount-r
o)
/dev/block/vold/179:17 on /mnt/secure/asec type vfat (rw,dirsync,nosuid,nodev,no
exec,noatime,nodiratime,uid=1000,gid=1015,fmask=00 02,dmask=0002,allow_utime=0020
,codepage=cp437,iocharset=iso8859-1,shortname=mixed,utf8,errors=remount-ro)
tmpfs on /mnt/sdcard/external_sd/.android_secure type tmpfs (ro,relatime,size=0k
,mode=000)
#
what should i do ?
Hello, I have a P5100. I had some problems with the EFS folder, and I think I made a mess.
Before I saw the mount /efs in recovery mount, now disappeared, and when I try to restore the imei with nav_data.bin does not work.
Could someone help me?
I can still see the folder / efs, but looking at the partitions I only see these:
Code:
./adb shell mount
rootfs on / type rootfs (rw)
tmpfs on /dev type tmpfs (rw,seclabel,nosuid,relatime,mode=755)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,seclabel,relatime,mode=600)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,relatime)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,seclabel,relatime)
selinuxfs on /sys/fs/selinux type selinuxfs (rw,relatime)
tmpfs on /tmp type tmpfs (rw,seclabel,relatime)
tmpfs on /storage type tmpfs (rw,seclabel,relatime,mode=050,gid=1028)
tmpfs on /mnt/secure type tmpfs (rw,seclabel,relatime,mode=700)
tmpfs on /mnt/fuse type tmpfs (rw,seclabel,relatime,mode=775,gid=1000)
/dev/block/platform/omap/omap_hsmmc.1/by-name/CACHE on /cache type ext4 (rw,seclabel,relatime,user_xattr,barrier=1,journal_async_commit,data=ordered,noauto_da_alloc,discard)
I can recreate it? How?
Once rebuilt, I have an old copy of the EFS folder that contain the files:
Code:
FactoryApp
imei
nv_data.bin
redata.bin
wv.keys
bluetooth
nv.log
nv_data.bin.md5
wifi
Could you tell me the exact steps to take to get back the imei correct?
HELP Thank you.
Does anyone know which file system the Mate 9 uses?
F2FS?
EXT?
Some new Chinese thing?
Sorry for answering my own question here. I had searched this on Google but decided to actually look at the Huawei page. If you piece through it and go through all the little slides, you'll find the one that says "The F2FS file system improves the I/O storage performance."
It's hidden. But it's there.
Output after mount:
System ext4
Data f2fs
Code:
rootfs on / type rootfs (ro,seclabel,size=1787504k,nr_inodes=446876)
tmpfs on /dev type tmpfs (rw,seclabel,nosuid,relatime,size=1874928k,nr_inodes=468732,mode=755)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,seclabel,relatime,mode=600)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,relatime,gid=3009,hidepid=2)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,seclabel,relatime)
selinuxfs on /sys/fs/selinux type selinuxfs (rw,relatime)
none on /acct type cgroup (rw,relatime,cpuacct)
tmpfs on /mnt type tmpfs (rw,seclabel,relatime,size=1874928k,nr_inodes=468732,mode=755,gid=1000)
none on /config type configfs (rw,relatime)
none on /dev/cpuctl type cgroup (rw,relatime,cpu)
none on /dev/cpuset type cgroup (rw,relatime,cpuset,blkio,cpuset_noprefix)
pstore on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw,seclabel,relatime)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/secure_storage on /sec_storage type ext4 (rw,context=u:object_r:teecd_data_file:s0,nosuid,nodev,noatime,discard,noauto_da_alloc,data=ordered)
none on /dev/frz type cgroup (rw,relatime,freezer)
none on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (rw,seclabel,relatime,size=1874928k,nr_inodes=468732,mode=750,gid=1000)
none on /sys/fs/cgroup/pids type cgroup (rw,relatime,pids)
adb on /dev/usb-ffs/adb type functionfs (rw,relatime)
hdb on /dev/usb-ffs/hdb type functionfs (rw,relatime)
/dev/block/dm-0 on /system type ext4 (ro,seclabel,relatime,data=ordered)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/splash2 on /splash2 type ext4 (rw,context=u:object_r:splash2_data_file:s0,nosuid,nodev,noatime,data=ordered)
/dev/block/dm-1 on /vendor type ext4 (ro,seclabel,relatime,data=ordered)
/dev/block/dm-2 on /product type ext4 (ro,seclabel,relatime,data=ordered)
/dev/block/dm-3 on /version type ext4 (ro,seclabel,relatime,data=ordered)
/dev/block/dm-4 on /cust type ext4 (ro,seclabel,relatime,data=ordered)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/userdata on /data type f2fs (rw,seclabel,nosuid,nodev,noatime,background_gc=on,discard,user_xattr,inline_xattr,acl,inline_data,extent_cache,inline_encrypt,active_logs=6)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/cache on /cache type ext4 (rw,seclabel,nosuid,nodev,noatime,data=ordered)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/hisee_fs on /hisee_fs type ext4 (ro,context=u:object_r:hisee_data_file:s0,relatime,data=ordered)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/modem_secure on /modem_secure type ext4 (rw,context=u:object_r:modem_secure_file:s0,relatime,noauto_da_alloc,data=ordered)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/modem_fw on /modem_fw type ext4 (ro,context=u:object_r:modem_fw_file:s0,relatime,data=ordered)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/modemnvm_img on /mnvm2:0 type ext4 (rw,context=u:object_r:modem_nv_file:s0,nosuid,nodev,noatime,noauto_da_alloc,data=ordered)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/modem_om on /modem_log type ext4 (rw,context=u:object_r:modem_log_file:s0,nosuid,nodev,noatime,noauto_da_alloc,data=ordered)
tmpfs on /storage type tmpfs (rw,seclabel,relatime,size=1874928k,nr_inodes=468732,mode=755,gid=1000)
/sys/kernel/debug on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw,seclabel,relatime,gid=1000,mode=775)
tracefs on /sys/kernel/debug/tracing type tracefs (rw,relatime)
/data/media on /mnt/runtime/default/emulated type sdcardfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,uid=1023,gid=1023,derive=legacy,reserved=20MB)
/data/media on /storage/emulated type sdcardfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,uid=1023,gid=1023,derive=legacy,reserved=20MB)
/data/media on /mnt/runtime/read/emulated type sdcardfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,uid=1023,gid=1023,derive=legacy,reserved=20MB)
/data/media on /mnt/runtime/write/emulated type sdcardfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,uid=1023,gid=1023,derive=legacy,reserved=20MB)
PaulQ602 said:
Sorry for answering my own question here. I had searched this on Google but decided to actually look at the Huawei page. If you piece through it and go through all the little slides, you'll find the one that says "The F2FS file system improves the I/O storage performance."
It's hidden. But it's there.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I think they were one of the first using the F2FS on the Mate 8
Hi guys,
I've searched and found quite a few adb and terminal emulator commands to view my phone's partitions, but being completely new to all of this (this project is my second time even really using command prompt) it took me a LOT of trial and error on my own before I posted this and I apologize for the n00biness in advance.
My phone setup is an HTC 10 Perfume running 7.0 Nougat (I flashed my phone with some image which allowed it to be rooted), and using the fdisk command on the phone's terminal emulator yielded this:
rootfs on / type rootfs (ro,seclabel,size=1752604k,nr_inodes=438151)
tmpfs on /dev type tmpfs (rw,seclabel,nosuid,relatime,mode=755)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,seclabel,relatime,mode=600)
none on /dev/cpuctl type cgroup (rw,relatime,cpu)
none on /dev/cpuset type cgroup (rw,relatime,cpuset,noprefix,release_agent=/sbin/cpuset_release_agent)
adb on /dev/usb-ffs/adb type functionfs (rw,relatime)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,relatime,gid=3009,hidepid=2)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,seclabel,relatime)
selinuxfs on /sys/fs/selinux type selinuxfs (rw,relatime)
debugfs on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw,seclabel,relatime)
pstore on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw,seclabel,relatime)
none on /acct type cgroup (rw,relatime,cpuacct)
tmpfs on /mnt type tmpfs (rw,seclabel,relatime,mode=755,gid=1000)
/data/media on /mnt/runtime/default/emulated type sdcardfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,noatime,fsuid=1023,fsgid=1023,multiuser,mask=6,gid=1015)
/data/media on /mnt/runtime/read/emulated type sdcardfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,noatime,fsuid=1023,fsgid=1023,multiuser,mask=23,gid=9997)
/data/media on /mnt/runtime/write/emulated type sdcardfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,noatime,fsuid=1023,fsgid=1023,multiuser,mask=7,gid=9997)
/dev/block/vold/public:179,65 on /mnt/media_rw/4C55-DB29 type texfat (rw,dirsync,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,uid=1023,gid=1023,umask=0007,allow_utime=0020,codepage=437,iocharset=utf8,min_prealloc_size=64k,max_prealloc_size=65532800,writeback_boundary=4M,readahead=4M,fail_safe,discard,hidden=show,errors=continue)
/dev/block/vold/public:179,65 on /mnt/secure/asec type texfat (rw,dirsync,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,uid=1023,gid=1023,umask=0007,allow_utime=0020,codepage=437,iocharset=utf8,min_prealloc_size=64k,max_prealloc_size=65532800,writeback_boundary=4M,readahead=4M,fail_safe,discard,hidden=show,errors=continue)
/mnt/media_rw/4C55-DB29 on /mnt/runtime/default/4C55-DB29 type sdcardfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,noatime,fsuid=1023,fsgid=1023,mask=6,gid=1015)
/mnt/media_rw/4C55-DB29 on /mnt/runtime/read/4C55-DB29 type sdcardfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,noatime,fsuid=1023,fsgid=1023,mask=18,gid=9997)
/mnt/media_rw/4C55-DB29 on /mnt/runtime/write/4C55-DB29 type sdcardfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,noatime,fsuid=1023,fsgid=1023,mask=18,gid=9997)
none on /config type configfs (rw,relatime)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/slpi on /firmware/slpi type vfat (ro,relatime,uid=1000,gid=1000,fmask=0337,dmask=0227,codepage=437,iocharset=iso8859-1,shortname=lower,errors=remount-ro)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/system on /system type ext4 (ro,seclabel,noatime,discard,data=ordered)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/devlog on /devlog type ext4 (rw,seclabel,nosuid,nodev,relatime,errors=continue,data=ordered)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/fataldevlog on /fataldevlog type ext4 (rw,seclabel,nosuid,nodev,relatime,errors=continue,data=ordered)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/carrier on /carrier type ext4 (rw,seclabel,nosuid,nodev,noatime,grpid,data=ordered)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/cota on /cota type ext4 (rw,seclabel,nosuid,nodev,noatime,grpid,data=ordered)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/apppreload on /preload type ext4 (rw,seclabel,nosuid,nodev,noatime,grpid,data=ordered)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/cache on /cache type ext4 (rw,seclabel,nosuid,nodev,relatime,errors=continue,data=ordered)/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/persist on /persist type ext4 (rw,seclabel,nosuid,nodev,relatime,errors=panic,data=ordered)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/dsp on /dsp type ext4 (rw,seclabel,nosuid,nodev,relatime,errors=panic,data=ordered)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/venus on /firmware/venus type vfat (ro,relatime,uid=1000,gid=1000,fmask=0337,dmask=0227,codepage=437,iocharset=iso8859-1,shortname=lower,errors=remount-ro)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/rfg_3 on /firmware/wsd type vfat (ro,relatime,uid=3012,gid=3012,fmask=0377,dmask=0277,codepage=437,iocharset=iso8859-1,shortname=lower,errors=remount-ro)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/radio on /firmware/radio type vfat (ro,relatime,uid=1000,gid=1000,fmask=0337,dmask=0227,codepage=437,iocharset=iso8859-1,shortname=lower,errors=remount-ro)
/dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/adsp on /firmware/adsp type vfat (ro,relatime,uid=1000,gid=1000,fmask=0337,dmask=0227,codepage=437,iocharset=iso8859-1,shortname=lower,errors=remount-ro)
/dev/block/dm-0 on /data type ext4 (rw,seclabel,nosuid,nodev,relatime,discard,noauto_da_alloc,errors=panic,data=ordered)/dev/block/loop0 on /su type ext4 (rw,seclabel,noatime,data=ordered)
tmpfs on /storage type tmpfs (rw,seclabel,relatime,mode=755,gid=1000)
/data/media on /storage/emulated type sdcardfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,noatime,fsuid=1023,fsgid=1023,multiuser,mask=7,gid=9997)
/mnt/media_rw/4C55-DB29 on /storage/4C55-DB29 type sdcardfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,noatime,fsuid=1023,fsgid=1023,mask=18,gid=9997)
tmpfs on /storage/self type tmpfs (rw,seclabel,relatime,mode=755,gid=1000)
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
...Could someone please tell me which one is my userdata partition, or if that's even included in this list? BTW my endgame is to image the partition and open it in some forensics software so I can attempt to recover some deleted data (I believe I actually already copied over the android's entire file system, but none of my forensics software can open that dd file. That's a whole other interesting topic, but I'm not sure if it's too relevant to this forum as much as the forensics ones lol.. maybe I'll make another thread inquiring whether the command I used to do so is valid or not for my goal).