Related
I havent yet found a simple guide for compiling kernels. Some of them assume too much, and some are just outdated. So I thought I'd write my own for devs/budding devs. Here you go!
Note:
This is not a guide for newbies. It's a dev guide for devs.
Research before asking questions, please
For The Menu driven interactive kernel build script, see Post #31
I will be developing this guide as I go, so it will be incomplete initially, or lacking in detailed explanations.
Essentials:
Ubuntu Box (By this I mean a PC with a Ubuntu installation, not a live CD)
A toolchain-Either the Android NDK, or your own toolchain
HTC Desire GB/Froyo source from htcdevs.com, or sources from github
Familiarity with the linux shell and basic linux commands.
The will to learn
First things first,
1. Getting the sources
The HTC Desire source is available from two kinds of resources-you can either get it from htcdevs.com (official HTC Dev site), or from source code uploaded from someone else. For the purpose of this tutorial, I'll assume we're working on the official HTC GB source code. So download bravo_2.6.35_gb-mr.tar.gz from htcdevs.com.
2. Setting up the compilation box and preparing source code
2.1 Install some essential linux packages from the Linux terminal:
Code:
sudo apt-get install libncurses5-dev
2.2 Extract the source code
The file you downloaded is a tar archive (like a zip file), so you need to extract it to a convenient location. Let's hit the linux shell-open a terminal window in linux (Accessories->Terminal)
Type:
Let's go to our home directory:
Code:
cd ~/
Now, create the directories for our kernel compilation box.
Code:
mkdir -p ~/android/kernel
Now you need to copy the tar.gz file from wherever you downloaded it to, to this dir.
Extract the archive:
Code:
tar -xvf ~/android/kernel/bravo_2.6.35_gb-mr.tar.gz
cd ~/android/kernel/bravo_2.6.35_gb-mr
Now we can view the extracted files within the directory ~/android/kernel/bravo_2.6.35_gb-mr/
2.3 Set up the toolchain
A toolchain is a set of programs which allow you to compile source code (any source code, not just kernels). The toolchain is specific for the processor and hardware, so we need a toolchain specific for Android and especially the Desire. If you're a semiadvanced-pro user, you may consider compiling your own toolchain (See theGanymedes' guide for doing so). If compilation of kernels is all that you require, fortunately for you, there is an easy way-the Android NDK - v7 (latest as of now) is available here
Get the NDK for Linux - android-ndk-r7-linux-x86.tar.bz2
Code:
mkdir -p ~/android/ndk
Now copy the NDK file to ~/android/ndk
Whenever I say copy, you have to manually copy the file with any file manager. Nautilus comes with Ubuntu, and Dolphin with Kubuntu. You may also use the shell of course with
Code:
cp [sourcefile] [destination]
Extract it:
Code:
tar -jvxf android-ndk-r7-linux-x86.tar.bz2
Now add the path for your toolchain to the env variable:
Code:
gedit ~/.bashrc
At the end of the file, add this line:
Code:
PATH=$PATH:~/android/ndk/android-ndk-r7-linux-x86/toolchains/arm-linux-androideabi-4.4.3/prebuilt/linux-x86/bin
3. Setting up kernel parameters
Kernels are compiled with a program called gnu make, and use a set of configuration options specified within a file called Makefile.
A vital point to note is that kernels are compiled with a program called gcc (basically the gnu C compiler), and our NDK itself has its own optimized version of gcc. While compiling, we're actually cross compiling it (meaning compiling a binary package on a system which is different from the actual system which is meant to run it- you're compiling it on your PC while it's actually meant to run on your Desire)
This means that when you compile it, you have to make sure that you compile it with the NDK's version of gcc instead of the system version. Otherwise you end up with a kernel meant to run on your pc, duh! Specifying which gcc to use is by the CROSS_COMPILE variable. You can set it up with this command:
Code:
CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-androideabi-
Note the hyphen (-) at the end, and do not forget to include it! At compilation time, system will actually use this variable to find all the programs it needs. Eg: The path for gcc will become arm-linux-androideabi-gcc
We can compile kernels with many different options, like with ext4 support, or without; ext4 support as part of the kernel zImage (in which case it makes the kernel larger), or as a loadable module (of the form somename.ko, which is loaded at init.d/init.rc with the command insmod modulename.ko)
We specify the exact options we require with the help of a useful configuration program called menuconfig (which as the name suggests, is a menu for configuration of make options).
An important thing to note is that as far as kernel compilation is concerned, there are a vast amount of options to setup, and unless you're thorough with kernel compilation, you wont be able to set up the options correctly and get your kernel to boot. Fortunately for us, the kernel source already comes with a default set of parameters which can be easily set up.
Note that all make commands must be executed within the directory bravo_2.6.35_gb-mr. Let's go there now:
Code:
cd ~/android/kernel/bravo_2.6.35_gb-mr
make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-androideabi- bravo_defconfig
This produces a .config file (used by the menuconfig) containing essential parameters to produce a booting kernel for the Desire.
Note: There is a simpler way to get the basic .config file, and this is to get it from a running kernel built by someone else. You can extract the .config from a running kernel with these commands:
Code:
cd ~/android/kernel/bravo_2.6.35_gb-mr
adb pull /proc/config.gz
zcat config.gz > .config
Now we can open menuconfig and add anything we need in addition.
Code:
make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-androideabi- menuconfig
You can view the huge amount of options available in menuconfig.
You can add ext4 support for example (See image above)
Once you're done choosing options, you can exit menuconfig.
4. Compiling it
This is simple. The basic command is:
make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-androideabi- -j10
The -j10 specifies the number of jobs to execute per operation. I can usually go upto 50 on my Quad core CPU. Beware, this can bring a slow CPU to a crawl and freeze up linux itself.
During compilation, you will see all sorts of messages, which may include warnings too. In most cases, its safe to ignore warnings. If there are errors, the compilation will stop, and you will have to fix the issues.
5. Distributing your kernel to users
At the end of compilation, it generates files named zImage, and various .ko files.
You have to copy them from their default location to a zip file. The best way is to use my variant of koush's Anykernel, and copy the files to it. Then, you can zip the whole folder and lo and behold-you have your flashable kernel zip which you can distribute to others.
You can also remove the zImage and the modules from /system/lib/modules of any kernel zip available with you, and copy over your files to it, at the correct location.
So, let's say that you have extracted an existing kernel zip to the location ~/flashable
The file structure should be like this:
Code:
|-- kernel
| |-- dump_image
| |-- mkbootimg
| |-- mkbootimg.sh
| |-- unpackbootimg
| `-- zImage
|-- META-INF
| |-- CERT.RSA
| |-- CERT.SF
| |-- com
| | `-- google
| | `-- android
| | |-- update-binary
| | `-- updater-script
| `-- MANIFEST.MF
`-- system
`-- lib
`-- modules
`-- bcm4329.ko
8 directories, 11 files
I've included my flashable zip directory along with this post. Download file kernel_flashable.tar.bz2.zip to ~/
Code:
cd ~/
tar -jvxf kernel_flashable.tar.bz2.zip
This will create the directory structure outlined above.
Now after every compilation of the kernel, execute these commands from where you executed make:
Code:
cp arch/arm/boot/zImage ~/kernel_flashable
find . -name '*ko' -exec cp '{}' ~/kernel_flashable/system/lib/modules/ \;
cd ~/kernel_flashable
zip -r mykernel ./
This will create mykernel.zip at ~/kernel_flashable. You can distribute this to your users to flash. Make sure you edit updater-script before though
Common errors and other stuff
Ok, post #1 was simple stuff. Now, supposing you get errors while compiling. Post #2 is about that, and ups the level of knowledge a bit..
Some kernel compilation errors:
Treat warnings as errors-Solved by removing the string "-Werror" from all Makefiles of the file which failed to compile. Some people had said that the real error (Array out of bounds warning) was because of gcc optimizations. But putting -O2 to -O0 didnt do a thing.
No of jobs - ought not to exceed 50.
"warning: variable set but not used [-Wunused-but-set-variable]"-Look at KBUILD_CFLAGS in the main Makefile. Add -Wno-error=unused-but-set-variable to the existing set of flags.
Note the following from gcc manual:
-WerrorMake all warnings into hard errors. Source code which triggers warnings will be rejected.
-w Inhibit all warning messages. If you're familiar with C code and like to fix stuff, rather than ignoring potential bugs, use this only as a last resort- A 'brahmastram' (most powerful weapon in your time of gravest need) as the epics would say
-WerrorMake all warnings into errors.
-Werror=Make the specified warning into an error. The specifier for a warning is appended, for example -Werror=switch turns the warnings controlled by -Wswitch into errors. This switch takes a negative form, to be used to negate -Werror for specific warnings, for example -Wno-error=switch makes -Wswitch warnings not be errors, even when -Werror is in effect. You can use the -fdiagnostics-show-option option to have each controllable warning amended with the option which controls it, to determine what to use with this option.
So what I did to suppress errors was to add:
Code:
KBUILD_CFLAGS += -w
KBUILD_CFLAGS += -Wno-error=unused-but-set-variable
Though the -Wunused-but-set-variable is not a real issue in itself, it generates so much "noise" that you may miss actual make errors.
This is the error what I was talking about..
Code:
drivers/net/wireless/bcm4329_204/wl_iw.c: In function 'wl_iw_set_pmksa':
drivers/net/wireless/bcm4329_204/wl_iw.c:5075:5: error: array subscript is above array bounds [-Werror=array-bounds]
drivers/net/wireless/bcm4329_204/wl_iw.c:5078:5: error: array subscript is above array bounds [-Werror=array-bounds]
Solution:
Edit drivers/net/wireless/bcm4329_204/Makefile
Locate -Werror within DHDCFLAGS, and delete it.
Code:
DHDCFLAGS = -DLINUX -DBCMDRIVER -DBCMDONGLEHOST -DDHDTHREAD -DBCMWPA2 \
-DUNRELEASEDCHIP -Dlinux -DDHD_SDALIGN=64 -DMAX_HDR_READ=64 \
-DDHD_FIRSTREAD=64 -DDHD_GPL -DDHD_SCHED -DBDC -DTOE -DDHD_BCMEVENTS \
-DSHOW_EVENTS -DBCMSDIO -DDHD_GPL -DBCMLXSDMMC -DBCMPLATFORM_BUS \
-Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -Werror -DOOB_INTR_ONLY -DCUSTOMER_HW2 \
-DDHD_USE_STATIC_BUF -DMMC_SDIO_ABORT -DWLAN_PFN -DWLAN_PROTECT \
-DBCMWAPI_WPI \
This will prevent gcc from treating mere warnings as errors.
How to modify kernels by applying mods - Applying Kernel Patches
Ok, you have compiled a simple stock kernel. Now what? Would you like to add fixes/mods developed by other kernel devs? This post explains patches and how exactly to do this.
Patches to the kernel are applied via patch files. Patch files are simple text files generated by the linux diff program which takes two text files, compares them and writes the differences (hence called diff) to another text file which by convention has the extension .patch
Attached to this post is a patch containing my "Extended battery" fix with Sibere's battfix. I'll explain patching with this. Let's understand the patch file. Open it up in any text editor.
Code:
diff -rupN -X /home/droidzone/android/kernel/exclude.opts bravo_2.6.35_gb-mr/drivers/power/ds2784_battery.c bravo_2.6.35_gb-mr.main//drivers/power/ds2784_battery.c
--- bravo_2.6.35_gb-mr/drivers/power/ds2784_battery.c 2011-08-25 13:16:53.000000000 +0530
+++ bravo_2.6.35_gb-mr.main//drivers/power/ds2784_battery.c 2011-11-06 16:43:21.544317342 +0530
@@ -118,8 +118,11 @@ PS. 0 or other battery ID use the same p
/* Battery ID = 1: HT-E/Formosa 1400mAh */
#define BATT_ID_A 1
#define BATT_FULL_MAH_A 1400
-
#define BATT_FULL_MAH_DEFAULT 1500
+#define BATT_FULL_MAH_CAMERONSINO 2400
+#define BATT_ID_CAMERONSINO
+#define BATT_TYPE 0
+
Note the first line:
Code:
diff -rupN -X /home/droidzone/android/kernel/exclude.opts bravo_2.6.35_gb-mr/drivers/power/ds2784_battery.c bravo_2.6.35_gb-mr.main//drivers/power/ds2784_battery.c
diff -rupN basically describes the command that was used to generate this patch. The -u means that the patch file is something called a universal patch
bravo_2.6.35_gb-mr/drivers/power/ds2784_battery.c was the original file, and bravo_2.6.35_gb-mr.main//drivers/power/ds2784_battery.c was the target file or file which contains the mod..
How to apply patch files?
The command depends on where your current directory is. If you're in ~/android/kernel/bravo_2.6.35_gb-mr/ and your current directory contains the directory 'drivers', you can apply this patch with this command:
Code:
patch -p1<extended_battfix.patch
If you're within drivers, then you have to modify the command like this:
Code:
patch -p2<extended_battfix.patch
Hope you get the gist. Basically, as you move into the source tree, you have to increment the patch level by the number of directories you've moved down into. Very simple, isnt it?
Sharing and Collaborating - Using Github and Commits
Kernel compilation is a group effort (at least it ought to be). When different devs work on different parts of the code and create their own mods, development progresses. For this purpose, it is important that you share your code with other devs. The best way to do this to upload your sources to github.
First, create a github account.
Next you can view other devs' github sources and examine their commits. Commits are basically patches applies to the previous source uploaded. Github commits use the universal patch format and can be viewed directly, downloaded as patch files, and applied to your code. You can also choose to download the whole source tree uploaded by another dev and examine it.
Kernel Build Interactive Menu system
This saves quite a lot of time if you make kernels a lot..
See post #22
Ok, the basic guide is done, guys... If you have doubts, I'll try to clear them
yeah....yeah....yeah...so nice...big thx...will try this as soon as possible..
that is what i searchd so long
edit: rated with 5 stars
with kind regards
Thank you very much droidzone.
I was waiting for a n00b guide.
Tapatalking
good job droidzone
[+1] [ i like]
Added a Howto on how to apply kernel source patch files, to post #3
lol now i understand how patching works.. i write all this **** by myself.. lol
Midian666 said:
lol now i understand how patching works.. i write all this **** by myself.. lol
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Ha ha.. that would not have been so easy
Droidzone said:
Added a Howto on how to apply kernel source patch files, to post #3
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
sorry for offtopic but nice again and you see many people thought like me with the how to..
with kind regards...Alex
Alex-V said:
sorry for offtopic but nice again and you see many people thought like me with the how to..
with kind regards...Alex
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I like explaining stuff and sharing..
This guide was written specifically because of your request, and I have never forgotten how you helped when I was a newbie to development.. I wouldnt probably have started developing if not for good responses from Firerat and you.
Droidzone said:
I like explaining stuff and sharing..
This guide was written specifically because of your request, and I have never forgotten how you helped when I was a newbie to development.. I wouldnt probably have started developing if not for good responses from Firerat and you.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
and now i learn from you lol thx
with kind regards..Alex
Fantastic guide!!!!!!!
Did some more work on the first post. It now includes a flashable zip template and instructions on how to easily create your own flashable zip after compilation is over.
maybe some improvments to your making a flashable zip.
i did this with my kernels.. it took the version infos from the config files.. and put it into a folder... after this u can make zip.
ive stolen this from manus source
Code:
localVersion=`cat .your-config | fgrep CONFIG_LOCALVERSION= | cut -f 2 -d= | sed s/\"//g`
linuxVersion=`cat .your-config | fgrep "Linux kernel version:" | cut -d: -f 2 | cut -c2-`
VERSION=$linuxVersion$localVersion
echo "Kernel version=$VERSION"
rm -rf flash/system/lib/modules/*
mkdir flash/system/lib/modules/$VERSION
mkdir flash/system/lib/modules/$VERSION/kernel
tar czf modules.tgz `find . -name '*.ko'`
cd flash/system/lib/modules/$VERSION/kernel
tar xzf ../../../../../../modules.tgz
cd - > /dev/null
rm modules.tgz
This is good..Actually when I generate kernels I test too many versions that I dont usually change the local version number in the menuconfig. Instead I use the date and time (including second) to name the kernel dir and kernel zip name...
Like this..
Code:
date_str=`date '+%d%m%y_%H%M%S'`
dirname="kernel_"$nameflag"_"$date_str
pckdir="$packagedir/$dirname"
mkdir $pckdir
lastfolder=$pckdir
cd $outdir/
echo
zipnoname="kbase_"$nameflag"_"$date_str
zipaddnoname="kmods_"$nameflag"_"$date_str
zipname=$zipnoname".zip"
zipaddname=$zipaddnoname".zip"
zip -r $zipnoname ./
mv $zipname $pckdir/
As you can see, its part of my script which does a lot of things..
But getting the localversion too is a good thing..I'd put it into a textfile in the zip which users can read..
Great guide. Thanks a lot
Sent from my HTC Desire using Tapatalk
This is a general open source linux development thread!
Android's kernel is a derivative of linux's kernel. Its good to know how to build both of these kernels. You might be already familiar with building kernels for various devices from sources. So I have made a new thread for guiding people on how to compile linux kernel from source (example taken as ubuntu kernel).
Requirements:
Any linux os x64 bit(example here: ubuntu 14.04)
Git (sudo apt-get install git)
Minimum of 4GB RAM and some reasonable linux-swap
To get the currently running kernel image, type the following:
Code:
apt-get source linux-image-$(uname -r)
Now we need to obtain Ubuntu Kernel Sources from its repositories. Make a new directory and inside it, initialise the git and clone the repository.
Code:
git clone git://kernel.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ubuntu-<release>.git
<release> : Type in the required source. It can be lucid, precise, trusty, utopic etc.
Setting up the build environment. There are lots of tools and packages that are very much essential for building a kernel. These tools can be downloaded as a whole bundle and can be installed easily. Here's the code to set it up:
Code:
sudo apt-get build-dep linux-image-$(uname -r)
NOTE: The above comand can be executed only after you obtain the currently running kernel image. I have already given the code to obtain it above.
Now, change directory to the root of the kernel and type the following:
Code:
chmod -R a+x *
The above code will set the required permissions for building and executing the kernel.
Now, run these two commands:
Code:
fakeroot debian/rules clean
fakeroot debian/rules editconfigs
The first command cleans up the code automatically.
The slightly tricky part is with the second line of the code. When you execute it, you will have to edit a series of menuconfigs. To make changes to the configuration file we need to edit the configuration file. The kernel developers have created a script to edit kernel configurations which has to be called through the debian/rules makefile, unfortunately you will have to go through all the flavors for this script to work properly. The script will ask you if you want to edit the particular configuration. You should not make changes to any of the configurations until you see your wanted flavour configuration
We have now covered about 70% of progress. The rest is building the kernel and testing it.
Building the kernel is quite easy. Change your working directory to the root of the kernel source tree and then type the following commands:
Code:
fakeroot debian/rules clean
fakeroot debian/rules binary-headers binary-generic
If the build is successful, a set of three .deb binary package files will be produced in the directory above the build root directory. For example after building a kernel with version "3.13.-0.35" on an amd64 system, these three .deb packages would be produced:
Code:
cd ..
ls *.deb
linux-headers-3.13.0-35_3.13.0-35.37_all.deb
linux-headers-3.13.0-35-generic_3.13.0-35.37_amd64.deb
linux-image-3.13.0-35-generic_3.13.0-35.37_amd64.deb
Testing the new kernel
Install the three-package set (on your build system, or on a different target system) with dpkg -i and then reboot:
Code:
sudo dpkg -i linux*3.13.0-35.37*.deb
sudo reboot
Guys, I hope I have made an easy tutorial. You are always welcome to ask doubts (even on PM). Thank You.
Specific Hardware/Architecture
Creating a new config
I’ll be using the method of creating a new flavour, this adds a bit more work but this way you can always compile the original kernels.
We’ll use the generic flavour as the base for our own flavour being i7, this extension needs to be in small caps.
Code:
cp debian.master/config/amd64/config.flavour.generic debian.master/config/amd64/config.flavour.i7
fakeroot debian/rules clean
debian/rules updateconfigs
To make changes to the configuration file we need to edit the configuration file. The kernel developers have created a script to edit kernel configurations which has to be called through the debian/rules makefile, unfortunately you will have to go through all the flavours for this script to work properly.
Code:
debian/rules editconfigs
The script will ask you if you want to edit the particular configuration. You should not make changes to any of the configurations until you see the i7 configuration
Code:
Do you want to edit config: amd64/config.flavour.i7? [Y/n]
Make your changes, save the configuration and then keep going until the script ends.
When you’re done, make a backup of the config flavor file.
Code:
cp debian.master/config/amd64/config.flavour.i7 ../.
Now we need to clean up the git tree in order to get ready for compilation.
Code:
git reset --hard
git clean -df
Getting ready for compilation
Because we are going to be creating a new flavour based on a existing flavour (generic in my case) we need to create some extra files. During compilation the process checks the previous release for some settings, as we’re creating a local flavour it doesn’t exist in the source, so we’re creating it.
To see the previous release we use:
Code:
ls debian.master/abi
cp debian.master/abi/3.0.0-12.20/amd64/generic debian.master/abi/3.0.0-12.20/amd64/i7
cp debian.master/abi/3.0.0-12.20/amd64/generic.modules debian.master/abi/3.0.0-12.20/amd64/i7.modules
Copy our flavored configuration file back.
Code:
cp ../config.flavour.i7 debian.master/config/amd64/
We need to edit some files:
File: debian.master/etc/getabis
Search for the line:
Code:
getall amd64 generic server virtual
Change it in:
Code:
getall amd64 generic server virtual i7
File: debian.master/rules.d/amd64.mk
Search for the line:
Code:
flavours = generic server virtual
Change it in:
Code:
flavours = generic server virtual i7
File: debian.master/control.d/vars.i7
This files does not exist and in order to make the compilation process aware of our own flavor we want to compile we need to create it.
Code:
cp debian.master/control.d/vars.generic debian.master/control.d/vars.i7
You can edit the file and make it your own.
Code:
arch="i386 amd64"
supported="i7 Processor"
target="Geared toward i7 desktop systems."
desc="x86/x86_64"
bootloader="grub-pc | grub-efi-amd64 | grub-efi-ia32 | grub | lilo (>= 19.1)"
provides="kvm-api-4, redhat-cluster-modules, ivtv-modules, ndiswrapper-modules-1.9"
We need to commit our changes in the git repository.
Code:
git add .
git commit -a -m "i7 Modifications"
The text after -m is the message you add to your commit.
Compilation
It’s finally time for compiling, to keep our newly created branch in pristine condition we will do the compilation in a separate branch. We keep our branch clean as this will help later on when we want to update our new branch to a newer kernel.
Code:
git checkout -b work
fakeroot debian/rules clean
All the packages will be created in the directory /d1/development/kernel/ubuntu/oneiric
Create independent packages:
Code:
skipabi=true skipmodule=true fakeroot debian/rules binary-indep
The above statement will create the following deb files:
Code:
linux-doc_3.0.0-13.21_all.deb
linux-headers-3.0.0-13_3.0.0-13.21_all.deb
linux-source-3.0.0_3.0.0-13.21_all.deb
linux-tools-common_3.0.0-13.21_all.deb
Create the tools package:
Code:
skipabi=true skipmodule=true fakeroot debian/rules binary-perarch
The above statement will create the following deb file:
Code:
linux-tools-3.0.0-13_3.0.0-13.21_amd64.deb
Create the flavour depended files:
Code:
skipabi=true skipmodule=true fakeroot debian/rules binary-i7
The above statement will create the following deb files:
Code:
linux-headers-3.0.0-13-i7_3.0.0-13.21_amd64.deb
linux-image-3.0.0-13-i7_3.0.0-13.21_amd64.deb
Installation
After the compilation is finished we’ll have the above packages in the parent directory.
To install the files
Code:
cd ..
sudo dpkg -i linux-headers-3.0.0-13-i7_3.0.0-13.21_amd64.deb linux-headers-3.0.0-13_3.0.0-13.21_all.deb linux-image-3.0.0-13-i7_3.0.0-13.21_amd64.deb
Check your bootloader if the newly installed Ubuntu kernel is the default one, for grub check the file /boot/grub/menu.lst or if you run grub2 check /boot/grub/grub.cfg
thx for your info
nice job mate..!! :good:
now i'm gonna try this..!!
Nice ,i can't say anything
faizauthar12 said:
Nice ,i can't say anything
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thank you for the great guide!!!
Nice thread. I'll try it at home
Thanks
Enviado de meu Moto G usando Tapatalk
Thx for the guide
tra_dax
I'm writing this incomplete instruction for my friend @emfox based on the instruction I used to reconstruct Redmi 2 kernel source http://forum.xda-developers.com/and.../how-to-convert-qualcomms-dtb-to-dts-t3221223 Unfortunately I couldn't finish this instruction without Mi 4c device. This is just a quick look, short information, to check the possibility to reconstruct an open source kernel based on CAF project. It's will be hard but not impossible.
1. Clone MSM8992 vanilla kernel source, LA.BF64.1.2.2-02940-8x92.0 release for Marshmallow 6.0.1 (release LA.BF64.1.2.1.c1-05410-8x92.0 branch LA.BF64.1.2.1.c1_rb1.38 for Lollipop 5.1.1) https://www.codeaurora.org/cgit/quic/la/kernel/msm-3.10/?h=LA.BF64.1.2.2_rb4.22
Code:
git clone git://codeaurora.org/quic/la/kernel/msm-3.10 -b LA.BF64.1.2.2_rb4.22
2. Stock 4c kernel was compiled without CONFIG_IKCONFIG, vanilla kernel config libra_defconfig attached
3. Attached 3 dts file from stock kernel, msm8992-mtp-0xc.dts seem compatible to emfox device (qcom,board-id = <0xc 0x0>; )
4. Attached a vanilla dts file for MSM8992 MTP msm8992-mtp.dts as a result of LA.BF64.1.2.2_rb4.22 built
You can compare msm8992-mtp-0xc.dts to msm8992-mtp.dts using a diff tool (i.e. Kompare app) and start creating device tree source for Mi 4c: msm8992-mtp-libra.dts, msm8992-mtp-libra.dtsi, batterydata-itech-3020mah.dtsi, dsi-panel-sharp-rsp61322-1080p-video.dtsi, dsi-panel-auo-nt35596-1080p-video.dtsi, dsi-panel-lgd-nt35596-1080p-video.dtsi, dsi-panel-sharp-nt35595-1080p-video.dtsi, dsi-panel-jdi-nt35595-1080p-video.dtsi, msm8992-camera-sensor-mtp-libra.dtsi, etc. You can use https://github.com/kumajaya/android...mmit/3de4f3564a82f44049a8664d4383c6d3ed43cb47 as a reference. Mi 4c based on same board platform as LG G4 or Nexus 5X. Good luck!
How to build kernel outside Android source tree:
I assume your home directory is /home/user, kernel source inside /home/user/android/libra/kernel, Android source tree inside /home/user/android/system-13.0
1. Create an environtment text file, save it as /home/user/android/build-arm64.env (change CROSS_COMPILE to point to your toolchain):
Code:
export CROSS_COMPILE='/home/user/android/system-13.0/prebuilts/gcc/linux-x86/aarch64/aarch64-linux-android-4.9/bin/aarch64-linux-android-'
export LDFLAGS=''
export CFLAGS=''
export SUBARCH=arm64
export ARCH=arm64
2. Import environtment file above, create a build directory outside the kernel source tree (to keep the kernel source clean):
Code:
$ cd /home/user/android/libra/kernel
$ source /home/user/android/build-arm64.env
$ mkdir -p /home/user/android/libra/kernel-out
$ make O=/home/user/android/libra/kernel-out mrproper
3. Import the kernel config file, change the kernel configuration (if needed) and start the building process:
Code:
$ make O=/home/user/android/libra/kernel-out libra_defconfig
$ make O=/home/user/android/libra/kernel-out menuconfig
$ make O=/home/user/android/libra/kernel-out
4. Copy the resulting kernel and modules (if available) to a binary directory:
Code:
$ mkdir -p /home/user/android/libra/kernel-bin
$ mkdir -p /home/user/android/libra/kernel-bin/modules
$ cp /home/user/android/libra/kernel-out/arch/arm64/boot/Image /home/user/android/libra/kernel-bin/
$ find /home/user/android/libra/kernel-out/ -type f -name *.ko -exec cp {} /home/user/android/libra/kernel-bin/modules/ \;
Creating a boot image:
Remember, this is incomplete guide
Roger that! I thought you have bought xiaomi 4c several days ago.
You're so kind to provide this tutorial. Since I know nearly nothing about kernel development, I'll start learning it step by step.
Thanks for the instruction.
Also @ekkilm / Teamsuperluminal might be able to help :fingers-crossed:
Autines said:
Roger that! I thought you have bought xiaomi 4c several days ago.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
No, too expensive and my main device still in very good condition :laugh:
emfox said:
You're so kind to provide this tutorial. Since I know nearly nothing about kernel development, I'll start learning it step by step.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
No problem, you also helped me a lot.
kevinnol said:
Thanks for the instruction.
Also @ekkilm / Teamsuperluminal might be able to help :fingers-crossed:
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
You're welcome.
OK, I've gone through the buiding kernel outside android tree steps, and now am trying to build MSM8992 vanilla kernel source from inside cm13 source directory.
command is 'source build/envsetup.sh &&breakfast libra && mka bootimage', but always got a command not found error, don't know what is missing...
Code:
<manifest>
<remote name="ghub" fetch="git://github.com/"/>
<project name="xiaomi-dev/android_device_xiaomi_libra.git" path="device/xiaomi/libra" remote="ghub" revision="cm-13.0"/>
<project name="AndropaX/proprietary_vendor_xiaomi_libra" path="vendor/xiaomi/libra" remote="ghub" revision="master"/>
</manifest>
and put kernel source to kernel/xiaomi/libra.
The error is
Code:
host C++: libc++_static <= external/libcxx/src/strstream.cpp
host C++: libc++_static <= external/libcxx/src/system_error.cpp
host C++: libc++_static <= external/libcxx/src/thread.cpp
host C++: libc++_static <= external/libcxx/src/typeinfo.cpp
host C++: libc++_static <= external/libcxx/src/utility.cpp
host C++: libc++_static <= external/libcxx/src/valarray.cpp
host StaticLib: libc++abi (/home/emfox/android/system-13.0/out/host/linux-x86/obj/STATIC_LIBRARIES/libc++abi_intermediates/libc++abi.a)
host StaticLib: libmincrypt (/home/emfox/android/system-13.0/out/host/linux-x86/obj/STATIC_LIBRARIES/libmincrypt_intermediates/libmincrypt.a)
host C: acp <= build/tools/acp/acp.c
host StaticLib: libhost (/home/emfox/android/system-13.0/out/host/linux-x86/obj/STATIC_LIBRARIES/libhost_intermediates/libhost.a)
Building kernel...
/bin/bash: line 1: @: command not found
Export includes file: system/core/libcutils/Android.mk -- /home/emfox/android/system-13.0/out/host/linux-x86/obj/SHARED_LIBRARIES/libcutils_intermediates/export_includes
make[1]: Entering directory '/home/emfox/android/system-13.0/kernel'
make[1]: *** No rule to make target 'libra_defconfig'. Stop.
make[1]: Leaving directory '/home/emfox/android/system-13.0/kernel'
make[1]: Entering directory '/home/emfox/android/system-13.0/kernel'
make[1]: *** No rule to make target 'headers_install'. Stop.
make[1]: Leaving directory '/home/emfox/android/system-13.0/kernel'
kernel/xiaomi/libra/AndroidKernel.mk:110: recipe for target '/home/emfox/android/system-13.0/out/target/product/libra/obj/KERNEL_OBJ/.build_stamp' failed
make: *** [/home/emfox/android/system-13.0/out/target/product/libra/obj/KERNEL_OBJ/.build_stamp] Error 2
make: *** Waiting for unfinished jobs....
make: Leaving directory '/home/emfox/android/system-13.0'
#### make failed to build some targets (01:41 (mm:ss)) ####
Hi @emfox, i would gladly help you since i just finished cm12.1 build with device tree (i made a thread, with prebuilt kernel of course) and I'd like to start with cm13.
If you open source kernel has compiled correctly, can you do a "kernel_xiaomi_libra" github repository?
alterbang said:
Hi @emfox, i would gladly help you since i just finished cm12.1 build with device tree (i made a thread, with prebuilt kernel of course) and I'd like to start with cm13.
If you open source kernel has compiled correctly, can you do a "kernel_xiaomi_libra" github repository?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
no, not really. I haven't finished the source.
I have little kernel hacking knowledge, so I'd like to set up and working environment first, then I'll go to deal these *dts files.
Ok, sorry then. I thought "'I've gone through the buiding kernel outside android tree steps," meant you had already finished
Maybe when I'll have some free time in the next days i will give the entire process a try!
alterbang said:
Ok, sorry then. I thought "'I've gone through the buiding kernel outside android tree steps," meant you had already finished
Maybe when I'll have some free time in the next days i will give the entire process a try!
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
oh, that would be great. I'm a developer but just on web and application domain, and have no much time to dig into kernel deeply. But I am learning
@emfox Don't forget copy libra_defconfig to arch/arm64/configs/
ketut.kumajaya said:
@emfox Don't forget copy libra_defconfig to arch/arm64/configs/
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
yes i have copied, or the error msg will be 'cannot found kernel configuration ...blabla'
emfox said:
yes i have copied, or the error msg will be 'cannot found kernel configuration ...blabla'
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Please recheck your device board config, you can use LG G4 config as a reference https://github.com/CyanogenMod/andr...mon/blob/cm-13.0/BoardConfigCommon.mk#L49-L61
don't understand a thing from the coding but from what i have learned, kernel source would be awesome to develop more for the 4c. keep up the good work!
Yea would be really awesome, too bad xiaomi doesn't release it themself
Well there are a lot of crazy guys here on xda so there's still hope
Thinking to help @emfox to create a such template for 4c but no much free time here, just a short free time between my workload and no much interest without the device
ketut.kumajaya said:
Thinking to help @emfox to create a such template for 4c but no much free time here, just a short free time between my workload and no much interest without the device
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
yes, a working building directory structure will help me start the porting.
but no need hurry, we now have cm from www.teamsuperluminal.org. although it's close-sourced and use prebuilt kernel, still much better than miui.
Hi, anyone can give some more info how to build AOSP from nexus 5X?
am i alone like Taylor?
Looks like the kernel source will be released soon: http://en.miui.com/thread-235127-1-1.html
Introduction
Hello everyone, I will be going over how to compile a kernel from beginning to end!
Prerequisites:
A Linux environment (preferably 64-bit)
Knowledge of how to navigate the command line
Common sense
A learning spirit, there will be no spoonfeeding here
What this guide will cover:
Downloading the source
Downloading a cross compiler
Building the kernel
Flashing the kernel
What this guide will NOT cover:
Setting up a build environment (plenty of existing Linux installation guides)
Adding features to the kernel (plenty of git cherry-picking guides)
I know this has been done before but on a cursory search, I have not seen a guide that was recently updated at all.
1. Downloading the source
If you have a custom kernel you want to build, move along after cloning the kernel using the git clone command below.
If you are compiling your stock kernel, it is ultimately up to you to know where to get your kernel source from but here are some common places:
Google: https://android.googlesource.com/kernel/msm/ (pick your architecture and look at the branches)
LG: http://opensource.lge.com/index
Samsung: http://opensource.samsung.com/reception.do
HTC: https://www.htcdev.com/devcenter/downloads
OnePlus: https://github.com/OnePlusOSS
Motorola: https://github.com/MotorolaMobilityLLC
Sony: https://github.com/sonyxperiadev/kernel
To download the kernel, you can either use git clone or download the tarball and extract it:
Code:
git clone -b <branch_to_checkout> <url> <desired_folder_name>
OR
tar -xvf <filename>
For example, if I wanted to grab the latest Nexus 6P from Google above:
Code:
git clone -b android-msm-angler-3.10-nougat-mr2 https://android.googlesource.com/kernel/msm/ angler
This will clone the kernel/msm repo into an angler folder and checkout the android-msm-angler-3.10-nougat-mr2 automatically.
I can try and help you locate your source if necessary.
2. Downloading a cross compiler
Since most Android devices are ARM based, we need a compiler that is targeting ARM devices. A host (or native) compiler will not work unless you are compiling on another ARM device.
You can either compile one yourself if you know how (crosstool-NG is a great tool for this) or download a prebuilt one. Luckily Google provides a high quality toolchain for this, in both an arm (32-bit) and arm64 (64-bit). It's up to you to know the architecture of your device. Typically speaking, most devices in the past two-three years are 64-bit.
Another popular toolchain is UberTC, which can be found here: https://bitbucket.org/matthewdalex/. Most kernels will need patches for anything higher than 4.9 and while I don't mind assisting with finding them, you should compile with Google's toolchain first.
Once you have decided, clone the toolchain:
Code:
git clone <url>
3. Compile the kernel
1. Point the Makefile to your compiler (run this from within the toolchain folder!!)
Code:
export CROSS_COMPILE=$(pwd)/bin/<toolchain_prefix>-
Example:
Code:
export CROSS_COMPILE=$(pwd)/bin/aarch64-linux-android-
NOTE #1: For kernels that can be compiled with Clang (like the Pixel 2), see this guide. I will support it here if there are any questions.
NOTE #2: Pixel and Pixel 2 users, you will need to follow these steps as well if compiling for Android Pie.
2. Tell the Makefile the architecture of the device
Code:
export ARCH=<arch> && export SUBARCH=<arch>
Example:
Code:
export ARCH=arm64 && export SUBARCH=arm64
3. Locate your proper defconfig
Navigate to the arch/<arch>/configs folder within the kernel source (e.g. arch/arm64/configs) and locate your device's or custom kernel developer's proper config file. For example, it will often be in the form of <codename>_defconfig or <kernel_name>_defconfig. Generic Qualcomm configs may be used as well (msm-perf_defconfig, msmcortex-perf_defconfig). When in doubt, ask here if you are confused. A defconfig tells the compiler what options to add to the kernel.
4. Build the kernel
Code:
make clean
make mrproper
make <defconfig_name>
make -j$(nproc --all)
If those commands succeed, you will have an Image, Image-dtb, Image.gz, or Image.gz-dtb file at the end.
If it failed, as was pointed out to me by @flar2 while making a complete idiot of myself, you may need to specify an output directory while making new CAF based kernels, like so:
Code:
mkdir -p out
make O=out clean
make O=out mrproper
make O=out <defconfig_name>
make O=out -j$(nproc --all)
If after that something is still broken, you may need to fix some headers or other issues. If it is a custom kernel, bring it up with your developer.
If it's an OEM, it's up to you to try and fix it, which we can assist with.
4. Flash the kernel
Assuming you were able to compile the kernel successfully, you now need to flash it! I will be covering two different ways to flash a compiled kernel: unpacking and repacking the boot image by hand using Android Image Kitchen or AnyKernel2, both by the brilliant @osm0sis. If there are any per-device nuances, please let me know and I'll add them here! Additionally, this section can vary drastically by device, you may need to consult developers of your device for assistance if necessary.
Android Image Kitchen
Pull your device's boot image from the latest image available for your device (whether it be a ROM or stock)
Download the latest Android Image Kitchen from this thread.
Run the following with the boot image:
Code:
unpackimg.sh <image_name>.img
Locate the zImage file and replace it with your kernel image (rename it to what came out of the boot image)
Run the following to repack:
Code:
repackimg.sh
Flash the new boot image with fastboot or TWRP!
AnyKernel2
Download the latest AnyKernel2 zip: https://github.com/osm0sis/AnyKernel2/archive/master.zip
Apply this patch to clean out all of the demo files:
Code:
wget https://github.com/nathanchance/AnyKernel2/commit/addb6ea860aab14f0ef684f6956d17418f95f29a.diff
patch -p1 < addb6ea860aab14f0ef684f6956d17418f95f29a.diff
rm addb6ea860aab14f0ef684f6956d17418f95f29a.diff
Place your kernel image in the root of the file.
Open the anykernel.sh file and modify the following values:
kernel.string: your kernel name
device.name#: List all of your device's codenames (from the /system/build.prop: ro.product.device, ro.build.product)
block: Your boot image's path in your fstab. The fstab can be opened from the root of your device and it will look something like this:
https://android.googlesource.com/device/huawei/angler/+/master/fstab.angler
The first column is the value you want to set block to.
After that, zip up the kernel and flash it!
Code:
zip -r9 kernel.zip * -x README.md kernel.zip
Tips and tricks
1. Remove GCC wrapper
A lot of kernels from CAF include a Python script that will essentially turn on -Werror, causing your build to error at the most benign stuff. This is necessary with higher GCC versions as there are a lot more warnings.
Here is the diff of what you need to change in the Makefile:
Code:
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 1aaa760f255f..bfccd5594630 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ include $(srctree)/scripts/Kbuild.include
AS = $(CROSS_COMPILE)as
LD = $(CROSS_COMPILE)ld
-REAL_CC = $(CROSS_COMPILE)gcc
+CC = $(CROSS_COMPILE)gcc
CPP = $(CC) -E
AR = $(CROSS_COMPILE)ar
NM = $(CROSS_COMPILE)nm
@@ -340,10 +340,6 @@ DEPMOD = /sbin/depmod
PERL = perl
CHECK = sparse
-# Use the wrapper for the compiler. This wrapper scans for new
-# warnings and causes the build to stop upon encountering them.
-CC = $(srctree)/scripts/gcc-wrapper.py $(REAL_CC)
-
CHECKFLAGS := -D__linux__ -Dlinux -D__STDC__ -Dunix -D__unix__ \
-Wbitwise -Wno-return-void $(CF)
CFLAGS_MODULE =
2. Using a higher level GCC toolchain
Using a higher GCC toolchain (5.x, 6.x, 7.x or even 8.x) will require you to nuke the GCC wrapper script as above and use a unified GCC header file (pick the following if you have an include/linux/compiler-gcc#.h file):
3.4/3.10: https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linu...h?id=a4a4f1cd733fe5b345db4e8cc19bb8868d562a8a
3.18: https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linu...h?id=677fa15cd6d5b0843e7b9c58409f67d656b1ec2f
You may get a lot of warnings but they are not entirely necessary to fix.
3. Adding upstream Linux to kernel source
Once you have gotten familiar with git and the compilation process, you should consider upstreaming your kernel. This will allow you to stay on top of CVE and bug fixes by staying up to date with the latest work of the Linux kernel developers.
Receiving help
I am happy to answer anything that I touched on in this guide. I may point you to another thread if it's better suited but I don't mind off topic (within reason) within the thread. I also want this to be a collaborative effort; other developers, if you have something to add, correct, or improve upon, please let me know!
I am particular in how people ask for help. I do NOT respond to posts asking for a hand out ("How do I fix this?", "Please fix this!", etc.). I only respond to posts with clear logs and steps that you have tried. Basically, show me that you have read this guide and have a specific issue. I am not here to hold your hand through this, this is a developers' forum.
You're on fire with this kernel stuff
Sent from my LEX727 using XDA Labs
Nice and clear introduction on how to build a kernel. This small how-to was so simple, I can keep it in my head! Awesome!
A really helpful guide much needed around for upcoming developers. This is the perfect guide for them. Nice work ?
Sent from my ONE A2003 using Tapatalk
The guys a Feckn Champ.
Thanks a lot!!.
Thanks @The Flash
Enviado desde mi Nexus 6 mediante Tapatalk
The Flash said:
Introduction
I am happy to answer anything that I touched on in this guide. I may point you to another thread if it's better suited but I don't mind off topic (within reason) within the thread. I also want this to be a collaborative effort; other developers, if you have something to add, correct, or improve upon, please let me know!
I am particular in how people ask for help. I do NOT respond to posts asking for a hand out ("How do I fix this?", "Please fix this!", etc.). I only respond to posts with clear logs and steps that you have tried. Basically, show me that you have read this guide and have a specific issue. I am not here to hold your hand through this, this is a developers' forum.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
On a scale of 1-10 how much Off-Topic is allowed ? :highfive::laugh::silly:
Nice guide :good: :highfive: ..
I have been using ./build_kernel.sh to compile kernels as was suggested by another guide and I'm wondering if there's any pros or cons doing it that way as opposed to using the make defconfig way.
They seem to be working ok but this is the second guide on xda that suggest the way you're doing it and I'm definitely open to change if this way is better. Any thoughts on the two methods would be much appreciated. I also would like to say thanks for these new guides as finding kernel dev info for newbies is very scarce and mostly outdated. I really look forward to seeing this thread take off. :good:
kevintm78 said:
I have been using ./build_kernel.sh to compile kernels as was suggested by another guide and I'm wondering if there's any pros or cons doing it that way as opposed to using the make defconfig way.
They seem to be working ok but this is the second guide on xda that suggest the way you're doing it and I'm definitely open to change if this way is better. Any thoughts on the two methods would be much appreciated. I also would like to say thanks for these new guides as finding kernel dev info for newbies is very scarce and mostly outdated. I really look forward to seeing this thread take off. :good:
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Well this build_kernel.sh script is most likely doing just this. I personally use a script to compile and package my kernel, I would never do the "manual" way like this once you know how.
I have updated the OP with a note about compiling newer CAF releases (3.18 and 4.4 to my knowledge). As was pointed out by @flar2 while I was making an idiot of myself accusing him of violating the GPL (for which I truly do apologize), you may need to specify an output directory (by adding an O= flag). This is actually done automatically when a ROM compiles a kernel inline so you will only run into this while compiling standalone.
I have added it to my script here if you want an idea of how to add it to yours.
So here i'am what should i do to fix the initramfs problem?
I tried "chmod -R a+x kernel" but i still get the same problem.
AhmAdDev99 said:
So here i'am what should i do to fix the initramfs problem?
I tried "chmod -R a+x kernel" but i still get the same problem.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Why aren't you compiling in your home folder?
The Flash said:
Why aren't you compiling in your home folder?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Moved both kernel source and gcc to /home but still the same problem
AhmAdDev99 said:
Moved both kernel source and gcc to /home but still the same problem
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Have you tried the bit about specifying an out folder?
The Flash said:
Have you tried the bit about specifying an out folder?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Yes , And this is exactly what i get
GEN /Kernel/android_kernel_samsung_t1-android-4.4/out/Makefile
scripts/kconfig/conf --silentoldconfig Kconfig
GEN /Kernel/android_kernel_samsung_t1-android-4.4/out/Makefile
CHK include/linux/version.h
UPD include/linux/version.h
CHK include/generated/utsrelease.h
UPD include/generated/utsrelease.h
Using /Kernel/android_kernel_samsung_t1-android-4.4 as source for kernel
HOSTCC scripts/genksyms/genksyms.o
Generating include/generated/mach-types.h
CC kernel/bounds.s
GEN include/generated/bounds.h
CC arch/arm/kernel/asm-offsets.s
SHIPPED scripts/genksyms/lex.c
SHIPPED scripts/genksyms/parse.h
SHIPPED scripts/genksyms/keywords.c
SHIPPED scripts/genksyms/parse.c
HOSTCC scripts/genksyms/lex.o
CC scripts/mod/empty.o
HOSTCC scripts/mod/mk_elfconfig
GEN include/generated/asm-offsets.h
CALL /Kernel/android_kernel_samsung_t1-android-4.4/scripts/checksyscalls.sh
HOSTCC scripts/genksyms/parse.o
HOSTCC scripts/selinux/genheaders/genheaders
MKELF scripts/mod/elfconfig.h
HOSTCC scripts/mod/file2alias.o
HOSTCC scripts/selinux/mdp/mdp
HOSTCC scripts/mod/modpost.o
HOSTCC scripts/kallsyms
HOSTLD scripts/genksyms/genksyms
HOSTCC scripts/conmakehash
HOSTCC scripts/recordmcount
HOSTCC scripts/mod/sumversion.o
HOSTLD scripts/mod/modpost
CHK include/generated/compile.h
CC init/main.o
HOSTCC usr/gen_init_cpio
CC arch/arm/vfp/vfpmodule.o
UPD include/generated/compile.h
CC init/do_mounts.o
GEN usr/initramfs_data.cpio
File ../../ramdisk.cpio could not be opened for reading
line 32
File ../../ramdisk-recovery.cpio could not be opened for reading
line 33
/Kernel/android_kernel_samsung_t1-android-4.4/usr/Makefile:67: recipe for target 'usr/initramfs_data.cpio' failed
make[2]: *** [usr/initramfs_data.cpio] Error 255
/Kernel/android_kernel_samsung_t1-android-4.4/Makefile:945: recipe for target 'usr' failed
make[1]: *** [usr] Error 2
make[1]: *** Waiting for unfinished jobs....
AS arch/arm/vfp/entry.o
AS arch/arm/vfp/vfphw.o
CC arch/arm/vfp/vfpsingle.o
CC arch/arm/vfp/vfpdouble.o
CC init/do_mounts_rd.o
CC init/do_mounts_initrd.o
CC init/initramfs.o
CC init/calibrate.o
CC init/version.o
LD arch/arm/vfp/vfp.o
LD arch/arm/vfp/built-in.o
LD init/mounts.o
LD init/built-in.o
Makefile:130: recipe for target 'sub-make' failed
make: *** [sub-make] Error 2
I've been working a little more on my Pixel XL kernel. Question...
I do:
Code:
make clean && make mrproper
make marlin_defconfig
make menuconfig
I go through several options, save, and exit. But when I do "git status", it thinks nothing has changed? I'm not sure if that's true, or if it just doesn't track whatever files were modified by menuconfig (of which I have no idea which ones they are).
chevycam94 said:
I've been working a little more on my Pixel XL kernel. Question...
I do:
Code:
make clean && make mrproper
make marlin_defconfig
make menuconfig
I go through several options, save, and exit. But when I do "git status", it thinks nothing has changed? I'm not sure if that's true, or if it just doesn't track whatever files were modified by menuconfig (of which I have no idea which ones they are).
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
I'm sorry I forgot to reply to your message, I looked at it then left my computer. make menuconfig saves the changes to the .config file in the kernel source. You need to copy that file to your arch/arm64/configs/<defconfig_name>.
The Flash said:
I'm sorry I forgot to reply to your message, I looked at it then left my computer. make menuconfig saves the changes to the .config file in the kernel source. You need to copy that file to your arch/arm64/configs/<defconfig_name>.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
No problem. I'm not in a huge rush. It builds, and runs better than any kernel I have tried yet. Not joking.
So you're saying I need to copy the contents of the .config file INTO the "marlin_defconfig" file? Just append those lines to the end of the file?
Also, did I mention my little headache with my 9 "section_mismatch" errors? Doesn't seem to affect anything, but on this same build VM, I can build any other kernel source without any issues at all. So strange.
chevycam94 said:
No problem. I'm not in a huge rush. It builds, and runs better than any kernel I have tried yet. Not joking.
So you're saying I need to copy the contents of the .config file INTO the "marlin_defconfig" file? Just append those lines to the end of the file?
Also, did I mention my little headache with my 9 "section_mismatch" errors? Doesn't seem to affect anything, but on this same build VM, I can build any other kernel source without any issues at all. So strange.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
You should just be able to copy the whole file (cp .config arch/arm64/configs/marlin_defconfig).
You could run a git bisect on your kernel source and see if there is a commit causing those mismatch errors. Very rarely is that a result of a toolchain or environment configuration.
Hi..Sir Flash,
I want to ask a question for ARM Device. ( Nexus 6 )
This is right method for ARM?
example:
- - - - -
export CROSS_COMPILE=${HOME}/Kernel/Toolchain/bin/arm-eabi-
export ARCH=arm && export SUBARCH=arm
make clean && make mrproper
make shamu_defconfig
make -j$(nproc --all)
- - - - -
I want to know this about.
If this method is wronged, Please teach me Sir.
Thanks.
•••
Sent from my Google Nexus 5X using XDA Labs
What is ?
Android is the open-source operating system used for smartphones. Full Freedom for people using it
What is Source Code?
Android is an open-source software stack created for a wide array of devices with different form factors. The primary purposes of are to create an open software platform available for carriers, OEMs, and to make their innovative ideas a reality and to introduce a successful, real-world product that improves the mobile experience for users.The result is a full, production-quality consumer product with source code open for customization and porting.
So basically Allows to customize the things you like and make new things without any Restrictions. Cool isn’t it?
What is ROM ?
The ROM is the operating system. This is the User interface (Sense UI in HTC phones) and the file system for maintaining contacts etc. It is composed of a Linux kernel and various add-ons to achieve specific functionality.
What does a Rom Contain ?
Basically a Rom Contains following main things :
· Kernel
· Bootloader
· Recovery
· Radio
· Framework
· Apps
· core
· -runtime,Etc
Some Basics About Above Terms
Kernel :
A kernel is critical component of the and all operating systems. It can be seen as a sort of bridge between the applications and the actual hardware of a device. devices use the Linux kernel, but it's not the exact same kernel other Linux-based operating systems use. There's a lot of specific code built in, and Google's kernel maintainers have their work cut out for them. OEMs have to contribute as well, because they need to develop hardware drivers for the parts they're using for the kernel version they're using. This is why it takes a while for independent and hackers to port new versions to older devices and get everything working. Drivers written to work with the Gingerbread kernel on a phone won't necessarily work with the Ice Cream Sandwich kernel. And that's important, because one of the kernel's main functions is to control the hardware. It's a whole lot of source code, with more options while building it than you can imagine, but in the end it's just the intermediary between the hardware and the software. So basically if any instruction is given to mobile it first gives the command to kernel for the particular task execution.
Bootloader :
The bootloader is code that is executed before any Operating System starts to run. Bootloaders basically package the instructions to boot operating system kernel and most of them also have their own debugging or modification environment. Think of the bootloader as a security checkpoint for all those partitions. Because if you’re able to swap out what’s on those partitions, you’re able to break things if you don’t know what you’re doing. So basically it commands the kernel of your device to Boot the Device properly without any issues. So careful with bootloader since it can mess things very badly.
Recovery :
Recovery is defined in simple terms as a source of backup. Whenever your phone firmware is corrupted, the recovery does the job in helping you to restore or repair your faulty or buggy firmware into working condition. It is also used for flashing the Rom’s , kernel and many more things.
Radio
The lowest part of software layer is the radio: this is the very first thing that runs, just before the bootloader. It control all wireless communication like GSM Antenna, GPS etc.
What you’ll need
A relatively recent 64-bit computer (Linux, OS X, or Windows)(Virtual Machine will work as well) with a reasonable amount of RAM and about 100 GB of free storage (more if you enable ccache or build for multiple devices). The less RAM you have, the longer the build will take (aim for 8 GB or more). Using SSDs results in considerably faster build times than traditional hard drives.
A decent internet connection & reliable electricity
Some familiarity with basic operation and terminology. It would help if you’ve installed custom roms on other devices and are familiar with recovery. It may also be useful to know some basic command line concepts such as cd for “change directory”, the concept of directory hierarchies, that in Linux they are separated by /, etc.
Install the SDK
If you haven’t previously installed adb and fastboot, you can download them from Google. Extract it running:
Code:
unzip platform-tools-latest-linux.zip -d ~
Now you have to add adb and fastboot to your PATH. Open ~/.profile and add the following:
Code:
# add SDK platform tools to path
if [ -d "$HOME/platform-tools" ] ; then
PATH="$HOME/platform-tools:$PATH"
fi
Then, run source ~/.profile to update yur environment.
Install the build packages
Several packages are needed to build LineageOS. You can install these using your distribution’s package manager.
To build LineageOS, you’ll need:
bc bison build-essential curl flex g++-multilib gcc-multilib git gnupg gperf imagemagick lib32ncurses5-dev lib32readline-dev lib32z1-dev libesd0-dev liblz4-tool libncurses5-dev libsdl1.2-dev libssl-dev libwxgtk3.0-dev libxml2 libxml2-utils lzop pngcrush rsync schedtool squashfs-tools xsltproc zip zlib1g-dev
For Ubuntu versions older than 16.04 (xenial), substitute:
libwxgtk3.0-dev → libwxgtk2.8-dev
Java
Different versions of LineageOS require different JDK (Java Development Kit) versions.
LineageOS 14.1: OpenJDK 1.8 (install openjdk-8-jdk)
LineageOS 11.0-13.0: OpenJDK 1.7 (install openjdk-7-jdk)*
https://askubuntu.com/questions/761127/how-do-i-install-openjdk-7-on-ubuntu-16-04-or-higher
Create the directories
You’ll need to set up some directories in your build environment.
To create them:
Code:
mkdir -p ~/bin
mkdir -p ~//lineage
Install the repo command
Enter the following to download the repo binary and make it executable (runnable):
Code:
curl [url]https://storage.googleapis.com/git-repo-downloads/repo[/url] > ~/bin/repo
chmod a+x ~/bin/repo
Put the ~/bin directory in your path of execution
In recent versions of Ubuntu, ~/bin should already be in your PATH. You can check this by opening ~/.profile with a text editor and verifying the following code exists (add it if it is missing):
Code:
# set PATH so it includes user's private bin if it exists
if [ -d "$HOME/bin" ] ; then
PATH="$HOME/bin:$PATH"
fi
Then, run source ~/.profile to update your environment.
Initialize the LineageOS source repository
Code:
cd ~//lineage
repo init -u [url]https://github.com/LineageOS/.git[/url] -b lineage-15.1
Download the source code
Code:
repo sync -c -f --force-sync --no-clone-bundle --no-tags --optimized-fetch --prune
Prepare the device-specific code
Code:
git clone [url]https://github.com/TheScarastic/android_device_xiaomi_msm8953-common[/url] -b lineage-15.1 device/xiaomi/msm8953
git clone [url]https://github.com/TheScarastic/android_device_xiaomi_tissot[/url] -b lineage-15.1 device/xiaomi/tissot
git clone [url]https://github.com/TheScarastic/proprietary_vendor_xiaomi[/url] -b lineage-15.1 vendor/xiaomi
git clone [url]https://github.com/Tissot-Development/android_kernel_xiaomi_tissot[/url] -b 8.1 kernel/xiaomi/msm8953
Turn on caching to speed up build
Code:
export CCACHE_DIR=./.ccache
ccache -C
export USE_CCACHE=1
export CCACHE_COMPRESS=1
prebuilts/misc/linux-x86/ccache/ccache -M 50G
Configure jack
Jack is the new Java compiler used when building LineageOS 14.1. It is known to run out of memory - a simple fix is to run this command:
Code:
export _JACK_VM_ARGS="-Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 -XX:+TieredCompilation -Xmx4G"
Make Clean Build
Code:
make clean
Initialize the build command
Code:
source build/envsetup.sh
Start Build
Code:
croot
brunch tissot
For More info:
https://source..com/source/requirements
https://wiki.lineageos.org/devices/cheeseburger/build
Thanks bro..
DGEEEK said:
Thanks bro..
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thany you for this guide! Will try this!
saski4711 said:
Thany you for this guide! Will try this!
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
:good:
Thanks for guide, btw what's the size of source code ?
prabhjot-singh said:
Thanks for guide, btw what's the size of source code ?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Around 20-25GB I think
Followed the above steps to the letter but I get an error right at the beginning:
Code:
ninja: error: 'kernel/xiaomi/msm8953/arch/arm64/configs/lineage_tissot_defconfig', needed by '/home/rossi/android/lineage/out/target/product/tissot/obj/KERNEL_OBJ/.config', missing and no known rule to make it
build/core/ninja.mk:151: recipe for target 'ninja_wrapper' failed
make: *** [ninja_wrapper] Error 1
make: Leaving directory '/home/rossi/android/lineage'
Current git broken? Any idea?
saski4711 said:
Followed the above steps to the letter but I get an error right at the beginning:
Code:
ninja: error: 'kernel/xiaomi/msm8953/arch/arm64/configs/lineage_tissot_defconfig', needed by '/home/rossi/android/lineage/out/target/product/tissot/obj/KERNEL_OBJ/.config', missing and no known rule to make it
build/core/ninja.mk:151: recipe for target 'ninja_wrapper' failed
make: *** [ninja_wrapper] Error 1
make: Leaving directory '/home/rossi/android/lineage'
Current git broken? Any idea?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Hello,
Don't use that kernel, as actually don't work properly in Xiaomi Mi A1. This error is caused because the file "lineage_tissot_defconfig" it's not named like that, exactly it's name is "tissot_defconfig", for your first build with lineage I recommend you to use the following sources, because are adapt for Lineage. Don't forget to use superuser privileges to compile, it avoids a lot of possible errors with normal user.
Device tree
Vendor
Kernel
Give thanks to user @ghpranav for sources :good:
Regards
black_arashi said:
Hello,
Don't use that kernel, as actually don't work properly in Xiaomi Mi A1. This error is caused because the file "lineage_tissot_defconfig" it's not named like that, exactly it's name is "tissot_defconfig", for your first build with lineage I recommend you to use the following sources, because are adapt for Lineage. Don't forget to use superuser privileges to compile, it avoids a lot of possible errors with normal user.
Device tree
Vendor
Kernel
Give thanks to user @ghpranav for sources :good:
Regards
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thanks for the info. I'm now past the error. Will take some time though since I'm building on my laptop :cyclops:
saski4711 said:
Thanks for the info. I'm now past the error. Will take some time though since I'm building on my laptop :cyclops:
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Between 3 to 5h in modern pc, probably you will need between 7 to 10h in a laptop, depends on Nº of Cores and RAM, anyway, good luck in your first compilation :good:
black_arashi said:
Between 3 to 5h in modern pc, probably you will need between 7 to 10h in a laptop, depends on Nº of Cores and RAM, anyway, good luck in your first compilation :good:
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thx m8. Still no error. Compiling over night on single core to avoid throttling / overheating. :highfive:
saski4711 said:
Thx m8. Still no error. Compiling over night on single core to avoid throttling / overheating. :highfive:
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Probably you will se a lot of "warning" don't apologice, it's normal, these warning issues is being solved during the compilation. Some info just in case
saski4711 said:
Followed the above steps to the letter but I get an error right at the beginning:
Current git broken? Any idea?
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Rename tissot_defconfig to lineage_tissot_defconfig in arch/arm64/configs
Nice share brotherr :good:
Keep mia1 like the sky full of stars, so many custom rom :highfive::laugh:
Sent from my Xiaomi Mi A1 using XDA Labs
-Rhoby|™-Bugs said:
Nice share brotherr :good:
Keep mia1 like the sky full of stars, so many custom rom :highfive::laugh:
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Thanks
Hello and thanks for the guide.
I am trying to build Dirty Unicorns 7.1.2 for tissot. I have downloaded kernel, vendor and device and repo synced DU n7x branch. I have also downloaded device_qcom_sepolicy and changed some files in device/xiaomi/tissot folder in order for the build to start normally. After 1.30 minutes of building i get this error
Code:
ninja: error: '/home/manoskav/du-tissot/out/target/product/tissot/obj/STATIC_LIBRARIES/bootctrl.msm8953_intermediates/export_includes', needed by '/home/manoskav/du-tissot/out/target/product/tissot/obj/EXECUTABLES/update_engine_sideload_intermediates/import_includes', missing and no known rule to make it
make: *** [build/core/ninja.mk:167: ninja_wrapper] Error 1
Maybe should i try n7x-caf branch or n7x is ok for tissot? Can anyone help me with the building process?
Thanks in advance.
mparmpas122321 said:
Hello and thanks for the guide.
I am trying to build Dirty Unicorns 7.1.2 for tissot. I have downloaded kernel, vendor and device and repo synced DU n7x branch. I have also downloaded device_qcom_sepolicy and changed some files in device/xiaomi/tissot folder in order for the build to start normally. After 1.30 minutes of building i get this error
Maybe should i try n7x-caf branch or n7x is ok for tissot? Can anyone help me with the building process?
Thanks in advance.
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Hmm but seriously it's tougher bro because its bootctrl it need more configuration
I tried building for Tissot but I'm having this issue.
[email protected]:~/dos$ . build/envsetup.sh
including device/generic/car/vendorsetup.sh
including device/generic/mini-emulator-arm64/vendorsetup.sh
including device/generic/mini-emulator-armv7-a-neon/vendorsetup.sh
including device/generic/mini-emulator-x86_64/vendorsetup.sh
including device/generic/mini-emulator-x86/vendorsetup.sh
including vendor/discovery/vendorsetup.sh
[email protected]:~/dos$ brunch tissot
including vendor/discovery/vendorsetup.sh
build/core/product_config.mk:236: *** Can not locate config makefile for product "tissot". Stop.
build/core/product_config.mk:236: *** Can not locate config makefile for product "tissot". Stop.
No such item in brunch menu. Try 'breakfast'
[email protected]:~/dos$
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
Can anyone please help me out?
black_arashi said:
Hello,
Don't use that kernel, as actually don't work properly in Xiaomi Mi A1. This error is caused because the file "lineage_tissot_defconfig" it's not named like that, exactly it's name is "tissot_defconfig", for your first build with lineage I recommend you to use the following sources, because are adapt for Lineage. Don't forget to use superuser privileges to compile, it avoids a lot of possible errors with normal user.
Device tree
Vendor
Kernel
Give thanks to user @ghpranav for sources :good:
Regards
Click to expand...
Click to collapse
@black_arashi
Oh so ghpranav's repo has LOS source added into it? If so is there any Android Stock for all these?
Thanks