Taking a speech class and had a chance to write about the Android platform. Figured I'd share here. Enjoy and comment as you will.
I wish to start off by saying welcome to the future. A bold proclamation yes, but with such experiments and ongoing research by numerous scientists today, technological breakthroughs are vast and epic. One of the many platforms so to speak that is having phenomenal breakthroughs is in the mobile systems department. Here lays a couple companies with R&D plans that carter towards certain parties promising slick user interfaces, application channels, and a complete web experience. Couple that with feature rich phones that allow one to text, call, global positioning (GPS), and well, you have a product to sell. Google has done just that. Taking bits and pieces of everything one could ever ask for, and merging it all into its mobile operating system titled Android. Represented by a green round-headed robot figure, Android is passing its two year anniversary, and has surpassed other prominent mobile architectures like Apple’s iPhone software. But what exactly is Android? Why would one desire to chuck away their limited iPhone, or stray away from the Blackberry Enterprise lineup? One word: Open source. Couple that with the experience (the art of customizing your device), and the synchronization aspects of the device for virtually any account you have on the net, and you have a total package.
Having a total package within arm’s reach, and inside your pocket is quite a powerful tool. With Google’s Android platform, there is never a point where you can say No. Any and every idea can and could be coded into the device if you have the means to do so. Open source is the ticket. Asking yourself what this means is actually a very simple question. Open source is the definition of computer code that is freely available to anyone who wishes to find it. Google has opened up the software to all who have a spirit to create and provide applications (Apps) and programs to others. Hackers, coders, and all techy guros have created a plethora of net-libraries ranging from support groups, forums and websites to further help noobies in the process. Sounds like a lot, but in reality, the experience is quite easy going. Competitors like Apple and Blackberry have limited their system to developers by safekeeping some of its computer code. This limits creativity, as it puts restrictions and limitations as to what exactly what one can create. Add to the fact that companies like Apple also screen apps to a much higher caliber, halting smaller apps without much bang in the beginning to be choked to death. It seems as if anything is available for pleasure with Android though. If it doesn’t exist, pop into a forum and jot down a reply on a thread. If that’s not enough, I’m sure you have one friend that has already found solutions in the “Green-Guy”. There is always someone there who has the tools necessary to create it, or rather has already created it in the first place.
From forums and coders who have the know-how and tools to create a mind-blowing experience, the customization factor of Android is truly one of its largest selling points. To be quite honest, each and every android device could be considered a work of art. It’s all in how the user desires it for themselves…how deep the user wants to venture; how deep goes their rabbit? From changing backgrounds and wallpapers, to adding widgets to your home screen, the android spectrum allows one to make the phone their own, morph it into how they see fitting. But how is this different from other products? Surely other phones allow their users to alter what they see on screen. Yet I assert, the android experience is different. Almost, if not every aspect of android is customizable. Icons can be altered, the font can be changed, dates, times, anything can be tweaked. Sites like XDA, AndroidSpin, and AndroidandMe provide great reviews, heads up, and forums to browse through numerous applications, both beta and final. The options are endless, and it’s open in the air to anyone who desires a bit of change. Many new phones come preinstalled with newer software, as you might here Froyo, Éclair or Gingerbread tossed around. These are simply codenames for newer versions of software from Google. If your carrier doesn’t support the newer software, chances are a coder has already made it available for you. Convenience without a price attached!
Free in price is seemingly synonymous with freedom. Freedom to choose. Freedom to enjoy. Freedom to experience. Freedom from a stationary computer. Android is a thriving system that allows you to constantly stay on the up and up. Synchronization appears a mystery as your Facebook, Twitter, email, and numerous other accounts are integrated into the system via apps or at stock. With live widgets that monitor in real time your accounts, any and all social networks, social feeds, and business/personal accounts are updated instantly. No more carrying around a tiring laptop, or waiting to login the networks at any given campus. 3G speeds and now 4G on some carriers are making mobile devices the in crowd, as speeds are comparable to standard net speeds. As many people day are on the up and up, or rather, out and about, a mobile system that constantly allows access to ones desired feeds is grand. Couple that with ability to alter documents on the fly, listen to your favorite music (via Pandora, or from the Phones Internal Memory…think iPod), you have a complete package. It’s not just a Media Device, a Business Device, a Cell Phone, as it truly lives up to the name of Smart Phone.
For me the choice was easy. I thrive off customization, the ability to make my phone a tad different, even faster, or more efficient then what the original company did for me. But as Android ages, everything looks bright and promising. To proclaim dark clouds linger would be insanity. From its initial creation of being open-sourced, to customizing features and its ability to be versatile, Android has shattered the mobile systems realm. As it races to the top, Android allows users to update on the go, with synchronization from virtually every social feed. When people ask me about phones and what should be right for them, there is no question for me. It’s never been a question about what Android can’t do, but what Android does.
<- Laughing Out Loud.
It's full of grammar faux pas, by the way.
Still very well written *only read first paragraph* but I was impressed, not bad Also maybe a bit many commas...
BTW, shouldve been posted in the off topic section
Nice Speech. I Enjoyed reading it.
Sent from Conical. 07
Cydia Substrate is a code modification platform. It can modify the code of any major process, whether that code is written in Java or C/C++. It has been designed to support an ecosystem where many developers are interested in hooking the same processes. It is designed to be powerful and efficient.
== How do I get Substrate? ==
You can either download it from the Play Store or directly from its website.
== How do I develop for Substrate? ==
You download its SDK using the Android SDK manager or from its website. There is extensive documentation on the website.
== What is Substrate's website? ==
http://www.cydiasubstrate.com/
== How is this different from Xposed? ==
Many compare it with Xposed, but Xposed only supports a single use case: hooking Java functions inside of app_process. Substrate can hook native code, such as is required to modify the way styles are loaded inside of the Android asset manager. There are many other differences, however, as Substrate's API is based on five years of experience managing a community of runtime code modification for iOS. I normally avoid doing direct comparisons, but after attending Big Android BBQ and presenting on Substrate, I have been encouraged to make the differences and advantages of Substrate's approach more explicit here on XDA.
Xposed requires an inverted form of logic based on "before" or "after" hooks while Substrate lets the developer use more straightforward "replace and call previous" implementations. This also enables more complex interactions with the previous implementation that have been shown to be valuable among the thousands of developers using Substrate on other platforms. Xposed attempts to offer something similar with "replace" hooks, but those do not provide access to the previous implementation, and while Xposed provides a way to call the "original" implementation, that skips any other hooks that might be stacked.
Xposed requires the developer to find a safe moment to interact with the class being hooked. To make this possible, there are numerous lifecycle events such as "VM loaded", "package loaded", and "command line application started". However, this does not solve the problem that touching classes can change the order in which they statically initialize. This also means that it will not be possible to provide declarative syntax wrappers (such as Logos, which developers use on iOS) on top of Xposed, as this context will have to be made implicit in imperative logic. Substrate solves this class initialization problem by allowing developers to hook the classloader itself, getting a callback when a class is "linked" so that the developer can find a class loaded in any classloader (even as a plugin to an application an hour after that application starts, where the code is downloaded as a .dex from the Internet).
Xposed has a method hook implementation that makes it lose track of which method was hooked, requiring it to do a lookup every time such a method is called. This implementation is currently linear in the number of hooks, making it slow down the more hooks you install. Worse, there is a high constant multiplier on this algorithm, as the comparison between entries is very expensive (and was made more expensive when recently fixing a longstanding bug caused by this lookup being slightly incorrect). Substrate, in comparison, uses runtime code generation to avoid the need to every look anything up at runtime: you can use Substrate to hook small functions in tight loops without experiencing the same kind of performance issues you would see with Xposed.
Substrate is also designed with a different user focus: while it currently has a setup interface, it would prefer to not have any UI at all (and this will be strived for in subsequent versions, assuming anyone cares to use it). Upgrades to Substrate can be automatically installed by the Play Store and do not require the user to interact with Substrate for the changes to "stick". Substrate itself is distributed via Play. Rather than confine these kinds of modifications to advanced users who use forums such as XDA, the idea is that everyone should have access to using this kind of technology. If you have a ROM or another store in which you'd like to see Substrate distributed, I would be more than happy to talk to you about this to make that happen, and these installations will be fully supported.
For some more information on the differences between Xposed and Substrate (or if you are wondering why you should bother paying any attention to things that I say, as maybe you don't remember me from my earlier Android projects), I encourage you to read the comments I left a couple posts down from here on this thread that describe the history of Substrate, how I fit into the Android ecosystem, and more about how Substrate differs from Xposed. I will also likely be posting the talk I gave at Big Android BBQ (with either notes to go along with each slide or in the form of a video I will record re-giving the talk and advancing the slides), which might make some of these things more clear.
Current Changelog
[this is the changelog from Play, which has been compressed slightly. I will bring the more full changelog back, as I have it saved somewhere, and put it here or link it here]
v0.9.4011:
* fix decoder bug inside ARM emulator
* support Genymotion Intel emulator
* add symbol names for Moto X
v0.9.4010: critical Android 4.3 fix, avoid old Superuser bug
^^ must install before Android 4.3 OTA!
v0.9.4009: work around Xposed bug, 4.2 fix, better errors
v0.9.4008: HTC linker path patch, limit symbol exports
v0.9.4007: RAZR i 4.1.2, detect HTC override, avoid ps
v0.9.4005: incompatibility detector, avoid mount/ln/mkdir
v0.9.4004: Holo, Script Failure, detect physical /vendor
Comments from Developer
So, yeah: I'm the developer of Cydia Substrate, the framework everyone uses on iOS to do runtime code modification. Back in 2011, I gave a talk at Android Open along with a demo of Substrate running on Android 3.0. However, after some in-depth discussions with people there who were interested, I realized that what I had at the time "wasn't sufficient": it was just the core of an implementation, not an end-to-end offering. By the time it had everything I felt it needed to launch--including a comprehensive website filled with documentation, a configuration application to install with it, fully tested support for both ARM and x86, a forward-compatible pure Java API vetted by a bunch of the top people in the iOS modding community (as I feel like breaking APIs after launch is one of the more evil things a framework can do), and an extension that would make sense to end users that they could try (so that trade press wouldn't be horribly confused, as I knew they would report on the release)--it was already 2013.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tA9cnemnQ0A <- Android Open 2011 keynote teaser
As many people then know, I released it in June. A lot of people have tried it (165k installs just from Play, and another 20k downloads of the APK off the site), and many of those people even like it enough to keep it installed and leave positive reviews, despite there being almost nothing available to use with it except WinterBoard (which I really only did as a demonstration). However, I also get comments from people who seem to believe I'm some kind of "interloper" in the world of Android. Additionally, there are the people who leave reviews saying stuff like "this is stupid, we already have Xposed" (sometimes then explicitly adding in the "go home to iOS" kind of spiel). The #1 complaint, however, is "nothing I can do with it", because developers never seem to talk about it or use it much, and the people installing it are all end users. Clearly this isn't the kind of reaction that I thought would happen, especially after having discussed Substrate at length with pulser_g2 before launch (who said that the community here tends to be very good about judging things on their usefulness and technical merits as opposed to having emotional attachments).
http://www.cydiasubstrate.com/ <- Cydia Substrate
Given this, and after an encouraging back/forth I had with some people on reddit's Android subreddit a few days ago in some threads about the analysis I did of that recent Android iMessage client (people who didn't know much about the ways in which Substrate is very different than Xposed in capability and focus), I figured I'd finally make a post on XDA. I kind of had been waiting to make this post as well, honestly (as again: I like things to be more perfect before I release them than maybe people are used to around here ;P), but it seems like I'm now waiting for something that is itself causing the delay (I had really expected to do this in July, before the whole thing got more actively depressing). This is clearly that post ;P. I've responded to a bunch of other threads here talking about Substrate (and the many other Android projects I've released) in the past, but this is the first time I've actually started a thread.
(In specific, Substrate currently doesn't support some Samsung devices due to a change they make to the linker paths, and I wanted to have 100% device coverage before making the inaugural XDA post. However, I'm finding it very demotivating to spend the time to think through all the options I've been considering for workarounds given the overall lackluster reaction to my work, so I'm not even making fast progress anymore: I tend to work on the things that people react positively to, and while I got a lot of positive reactions on the balance from users, I got much less than I expected from developers given how many people use Substrate on iOS and how powerful the framework is. I think, from some conversations I've had, this is largely due to confusion over how Substrate on Android relates to Xposed, which many people seem to think of as the "home-town competitor" "that does the same thing". I thereby figure that I may as well attempt to directly address that core motivation problem, to see if I should even bother continuing spending time helping out in this community, hence this ludicrously long and highly personal post about what is essentially a technical framework ;P.)
[Readers who find the next section boring should skip below to "=== Substrate ===".]
I imagine I (sadly) thereby need to start by defending my history in the Android community, as many people seem to not be aware of much of it; it actually goes back very far, as I had promised the overall mobile community that if Android were ever rooted, I'd immediately start looking at it in earnest (before there was a device, I had already been messing around with the emulator, but the device concepts Google had at the time were more like slightly souped-up feature phones, not competitors to something like an iPhone). So, in 2008, when that first "root console attached to keyboard" mistake was found on the G1 that let you get a root telnetd running by just typing it into any search field, I dropped everything and drove two hours to Los Angeles to pick up a G1 (they were not selling them in Santa Barbara yet, due to T-Mobile not really having a presence here at the time). As promised, I immediately set to work attempting to help out.
As I ran a number of mailing lists already for iOS, I set one up for Android called g1-hackers, which attracted a good number of people, and even a few Google employees who worked on bionic and the kernel. On this list is where the G1's bootloader was first dumped: if you've ever heard the stories about Eddie Dost figuring out how to do it, this is that. In fact, it was from my G1, with a kernel I compiled (following Eddie's direction: I did not know much about flash drivers), that that first Android NAND was obtained (as Eddie had already updated his device and thereby didn't actually have root). Here is a link to the mailing list thread, directly to the post where we finally succeeded and I provided the kernel image I used so that others could perform the same dump on their own devices.
http://www.telesphoreo.org/pipermail/g1-hackers/2008-December/000096.html <- [g1-hackers] G1 boot code
Around that same time, I was also contributing to AOSP, providing a bunch of patches to things like mount and init, as I wanted to be able to get Android devices to a state where they could run something much closer to Debian than Android (I had my eyes set on kind of a hybrid). In the process of doing this, I wrote a guide that for a couple years subsequent were the canonical instructions for getting a bootstrapped build of Debian installed as a chroot under Android. At the time the patch turnaround on AOSP was sometimes over half a year (and almost never shorter than a couple months), which made contributing to the project sufficiently painful that I eventually stopped. If you search through Android's codebase, though, you still find some of my work.
http://www.saurik.com/id/10 <- Debian & Android Together on G1
At the time, I honestly do not remember XDA having yet become "the place" where people spent much time talking about Android: instead, a lot of conversation happened on IRC (which is where the iOS community had already been, and where it remains). There was a channel that I was a part of which included a bunch of people whose names would hopefully be familiar to people around here, including JesusFreke (and, much later, Cyanogen). I got to see the birth of a lot of great websites and tools (such as JesusFreke's smali/baksmali) while participating on that channel. Apparently, I was talking about "Substrate for Dalvik" on that channel in November of 2008 (which is also when I first joined XDA): that's how long I've been staring at this ;P.
During the next couple years, I ended up developing and maintaining a website called Cyrket, which had the mission to allow developers and users to search the contents of the Android Market using their desktop web browser. It also solved a few key problems that developers had with comments, in that you could only see comments for apps your device had access to that were then written in your language. Developers without devices, or with devices that could not see their product (which often included those that paid extra for the ADP1, which could not see copy-protected apps) could not see comments at all. Cyrket presented all of the comments for your application in all regions in all languages (and even used Google Translate to translate them all into your own language).
The way Cyrket had worked is that I scraped the contents of the Market using the same protocol Google's client used, indexed it (supporting find-as-you-type search), and exported it all to the site (well, originally, it was actually just a live client, but then it got really popular ;P). It got me into some mild trouble occasionally with the Android Market team, but overall no one seemed to mind it that much. Cyrket was actually the primary site people used for this purpose for a long time, and I even got the impression that people at Google were begrudgingly using it as it was more convenient than the alternatives. There were a few times where it had to be taken offline (due to changes and rate limits from Google), one time for months, but I'd usually figure out some new way to get it running. Honestly, though: I was really glad when Google finally launched a website for the Market and I was able to stop working on Cyrket ;P (and also glad that Google added most of Cyrket's features for developers to their publishing console, features that Apple actually still doesn't have AFAIK).
http://www.androidtapp.com/cyrket-android-market-browser-back-from-awol/ <- Cyrket Android Market Browser Back from AWOL!
Since those times, I mostly felt the need to get Substrate "awesome" (which started to really come together during 2011, after Cyrket was no longer needed), and so didn't do many larger projects on Android until recently. That said, I have been involved in things related to exploits and security. One of the higher impact things that I did was to release mempodroid, an implementation of the mempodipper exploit described by Jason A. Donenfeld for Linux 2.6.39+, which became the primary method to root devices running Android versions 4.0.0 through 4.0.2. Much more recently, users have been using Impactor, my implementation of the various "Master Key" exploits (based both on bugs described by Jeff Forristal as well as techniques I pioneered against a random AOSP bug).
https://github.com/saurik/mempodroid <- mempodroid README
http://www.saurik.com/id/17 <- Exploit (& Fix) Android "Master Key"
Given all of this, I hope people can get a feeling for just how strange and depressing it feels to me when people seem to suddenly believe I'm some kind of foreign invader . (FWIW, I also feel rather awkward having to describe all of this in this fashion, but frankly I'm at a point where I'm realizing that if I don't explain it in this much detail myself, no one else will. While I'm certain I'll get some people responding really negatively with comments like "he's such a blowhard, going on and on about silly little things he did", so far when I've given similar spiels to people in person at conferences, they often go "oh wow, I remember that tool/happening, but didn't remember that that was also you", and so figure that this might go a long way to fixing this weird problem: I'm not just "that iOS jailbreak guy".)
=== Substrate ===
Alright, now with that aside: in time for Google I/O (which was arguably bad timing, as I was then immediately unavailable for days ;P), I finally released Substrate. Substrate (in my clearly biased opinion ;P) is actually really cool: as far as I know, it is currently the only tool available for Android that allows developers to easily modify native code without patching/replacing. I know, for example, that people often ask how to modify features like the holo themes that are implemented in C, and the answer is Substrate: if you can find the code (which is often exposed via a symbol as there are tons of C++ symbols available on most Android builds) you can use Substrate to hook it at runtime in a way that avoids having to patch the files on disk, allows developers to deploy their changes across multiple ROMs, and supports the idea that users should be in charge of the specific features that they have on their devices (as opposed to ROM distributions).
As another concrete example that maybe makes this more obvious: sometimes you download a program from the Play Store (which, incidentally, I have a very hard time not constantly still calling the Android Market ;P) that is pretty much just a massive JNI binary--maybe an OpenGL game or a media player of some sort--that refuses to run on a device that has been rooted. A really common way that developers implement such checks is to do things like verify the existence of files on disk. The simple/common checks are very easy to detect and defeat using Substrate as you can hook the native "open" call from the C standard library, check if the filename is something like /system/xbin/su, and return "nope, not there".
http://www.cydiasubstrate.com/api/c/MSHookFunction/ <- MSHookFunction()
Substrate lets you do this kind of hooking in any system daemon (not just those spawed via app_process). Yes: if there's a program running in the background of your phone, some native service written by the OEM that manufactured the device, you can use Substrate to modify it. A lot of very interesting extensions on iOS involve these kinds of hack; for an extreme example, the software unlocks that we used to have for earlier iPhones involved modifying CommCenter, a native program that initializes the radio hardware: by hooking some of the code in that daemon, it was possible to, at just the right moment, inject a different command sequence over the serial connection to the baseband, exploiting it for the unlock.
http://www.cydiasubstrate.com/inject/android/ <- Android Native Injection
Of course, Substrate also supports hooking Java code (yes, a little like Xposed, which at some level uses the same underlying trick I walked people through in my talk at Android Open 2011). Somehow, though, a lot of developers don't seem to catch all that other stuff that Substrate lets you do, and get hung up on this one part that Xposed also manages, leading to all those aforementioned irritating comments about how "there's no point to Substrate because we already have Xposed": Xposed can't do most of the things Substrate can do (and the developer has even told me that he actively tries to avoid Substrate-like techniques as they are "pretty complicated", so it isn't even moving in that direction). FWIW, on iOS it took a lot of time for Substrate to get these features (it did not have them in 2008 when I first released it): they aren't trivial ;P.
http://www.cydiasubstrate.com/api/java/MS.hookMethod/ <- MS.hookMethod()
Even within the restricted context of modifications to Java, however, I think Substrate has a lot to offer. Again: I actively refused to release Substrate until I felt I had truly nailed a few things, including in particular the Java API (at Android Open 2011, I only supported JNI, which developers there told me would not lead to traction). I was a major proponent of aspect-oriented programming when I was younger, I got into byte-code engineering in college, and I co-published a paper on a Java code modification framework called jMonitor in 2004: this is something I've been thinking about for a long time, and I think the approach I take has some merit in and of itself. I know a lot more can be done (I feel it would be really interesting to have AspectJ-style pointcuts, for example, or the kind of bytecode-level instruction matching that I implemented as part of jMonitor <- features not described in the paper, I think ;P), but I felt a good first step was be to directly leverage the iOS community's six years of experience.
http://www.cydiasubstrate.com/id/6dfa187d-6e04-4f97-b63a-ae75b5338e01/ <- jMonitor [RV '04]
To this end, Substrate provides an API for Java that is very analogous to the API that it provides for modifying C/C++ and Objective-C. The focus is on "I know about some code and I want to modify it", allowing you to not have to think much about the timing or execution details of the program that may be loading that code (so you never have to think about "packages" or "processes" or "applications": you just concentrate on "classes", and thereby don't need a million "helper APIs" to handle each narrow timing case). To enable this, I use the aforementioned ability of Substrate to modify native code to hack features into the VM itself, giving me the ability to instrument events like "a class has been loaded". If you want to hook a method of a class from Apache Commons, and you want to hook that class no matter whether it was loaded as part of an application or dynamically as part of a classloader for a plugin downloaded by an application, this is trivial to express with Substrate. AFAIK, that use case isn't even describable using Xposed.
http://www.cydiasubstrate.com/api/java/MS.hookClassLoad/ <- MS.hookClassLoad()
This kind of VM-level modification and runtime code generation support (that is heavily flexed on iOS Substrate, and thereby has had years of in-the-field testing; so far Android has exposed just one bug in its ARM reassembler after release, and that was only in the qemu emulator for some reason) also means that Substrate's implementation of hooks is highly efficient: to compare again to Xposed, every time a method that has been hooked is called via Xposed, there is a linear-time search through a linked list doing a rather heavyweight comparison to determine which method it was after the fact; with Substrate, every call is direct, there are no lookups, and there are no comparisons, so you can hook an arbitrary number of methods with no slow down, so even very small methods that are called very often can be hooked without issue.
Additionally, with Substrate I wanted to address a specific pain point that many people would bring up when I'd give talks: "how is this secure, and how do I control what apps can use these features". This became even more important, as I wanted Substrate extensions on Android to be easily deployable via conventional means, such as the Play Store (yes: Cydia Substrate itself is in the Play Store, as I believe it is important for these kinds of features to not just be in the hands of developers on forums, but to be used by end users everywhere). To this end, I integrate into the Android security model, providing a special permission that applications must have to install a Substrate extension. This helps enable the idea that Substrate mostly "gets out of the way", becoming more of a technical detail behind your extension rather than something users will need to interact with constantly to activate or update your product.
I also wanted to provide at least something that would help solve the "reflection hell" that developers seem to always find themselves in while attempting to do runtime code modification in Java (even back on desktop Java using AspectJ). I thereby provide the means to "bless" a class loader, allowing it to access private fields and classes without the overhead of reflection: the access checks, for just that one class loader, no longer apply. Substrate extensions are loaded into such a "blessed" classloader. (I do not, even though I could, ever just whack an access check VM-wide; Xposed does this, and I feel like it is going to have security implications on Java security contexts applied to class loaders for plugins.) In the case of WinterBoard, for example, I don't ever have to deal with invoking Methods or getting Fields: setAccessible is just a dim memory.
Being able to use this functionality, however, can be awkward, and in some cases is almost impossible: while testing this feature, I realized that developers would end up needing "public stubs" for all the classes they were working with, but the calling convention for a public method and a private one is different, so the calls fail at runtime. I thereby ship as part of the Substrate SDK (yes, there's an easily-updated SDK package that you can download using the Android SDK Manager ;P) an extension to javac itself (as you might imagine at this point, written using AspectJ) that turns off access control checks: you can thereby access private fields or call private methods with no extra work both during development and at runtime. This all works sufficiently well that I generally run all of ant under the modification, such that anything ant compiles becomes "blessed".
http://www.cydiasubstrate.com/id/c17c554f-b603-4e3b-8f99-ebb3528e3ef8/ <- Java Access Controls
(And yes: this is one of the things that caused Substrate to get delayed even longer than it already had been. There was also a rather serious delay caused by my attempts to really nail the boundary between "code that is shipped with Substrate" and "code that is shipped with the extension", something that burned me a lot throughout 2013 as it was the kind of problem that spending time actively thinking about didn't directly help, requiring an epiphany I had soon before Google I/O. Arguably had I been willing to ship without documentation at all, and had I generally cared less, I would probably have had everything out in very early 2012, but during January-May I started working on the initial draft of cydiasubstrate.com, as I had apparently incorrectly thought that such efforts would be critical to developer adoption.)
Again, I write this in the hope that it clears up misconceptions, either about myself or about Substrate. As far as I can tell, Substrate has a lot of very unique value propositions: things that currently are only made possible by Substrate; and, even within the restricted scope of hooking Java code inside of a service being managed by Zygote (the only area of overlap with Xposed), I think that it offers a bunch of advantages in security, performance, deployment, and ease of development that cannot be so casually dismissed with a flippant "we already have Xposed (go home)". A lot of these features (and I haven't even gone into all of them: I could write paragraphs about the advantages of how Substrate's API handles chained hooks, the ways I enable extensions that need to cross classloader boundaries, or the way Substrate makes it easy for end users to temporarily disable extensions without complex tooling) come from having spent over a decade now thinking about this problem and the last five years actively managing a developer ecosystem with tens of millions of users on iOS.
I am thereby happy to answer any questions about how to use Substrate, issues with Substrate on any device (I never blame the device: I might not have a fix immediately for a specific problem, but I always consider it Substrate's job to work around issues the device throws at it to get its functionality in place so the task will at least end up on my todo list), or even about me (as a lot of why I find writing this both so important and so painful are due to the occasional-yet-present more-personal attacks/misconceptions I often seem to receive about somehow being an "outsider"). (That said, please do have some patience: sometimes my ravenous need to do nearly 24/7 testing on a specific device has to give way so I can go to a conference I'm giving a talk at, or so I can focus on a different problem that might be more pressing or simply have a higher probability of near-term success: spending an infinite amount of time on one problem is unfair to all of the other problems that exist ;P.) [And, in fact, I have a meeting I have to be at tonight, but which hopefully won't take insanely long.]
Reserved Post
["reserved", as apparently you always should have at least one of these ;P]
Links to Extension Threads
[and finally, I can see ending up with a page that might link to other threads on XDA, although arguably I should put this on cydiasubstrate.com. right now, most projects that use Substrate are in Play. I am not certain if I'm now just misunderstanding how to use XDA, though: again, this is my first thread I've started myself]
Wow. The timing couldn't be any more perfect for you to post this.
I do not have an Android device yet and have been theorizing exactly how I could easily make modifications to applications.
Because I am just getting started in the Android development community, I don't have any biases towards one framework or the other.
Sooo.... this is on my watch list.
gugbot said:
Wow. The timing couldn't be any more perfect for you to post this.
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The opinion of many (reasonable) people differ ;P.
gugbot said:
Sooo.... this is on my watch list.
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Yay! If you have a moment, I'm curious: how/why did you find this thread? It seems like very few people actually go to this "Frameworks" sub-forum; there are almost no threads posted to it except the one about Xposed, which I'm presuming people must be finding by links from other places (whether random websites or other threads on XDA).
saurik said:
The opinion of many (reasonable) people differ ;P.
Yay! If you have a moment, I'm curious: how/why did you find this thread? It seems like very few people actually go to this "Frameworks" sub-forum; there are almost no threads posted to it except the one about Xposed, which I'm presuming people must be finding by links from other places (whether random websites or other threads on XDA).
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I was browsing in development tools and was surprised to see that a Saurik posted about Cydia Substrate!
I was brought to this forum by one about theme development?... Maybe you should post this in a forum with more traffic. There seems to be an endless amount of categories for everything.
i have try your cydia substrate on cm10.1.3 stable..device samsung i9300..
install winterboard..apply icon pack but icon pack not applied..
then when want to open other apps the apps fc..except winterboard..
slipar said:
i have try your cydia substrate on cm10.1.3 stable..device samsung i9300..
install winterboard..apply icon pack but icon pack not applied..
then when want to open other apps the apps fc..except winterboard..
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Yeah, as I mention in this thread WinterBoard was more of a demo that has been difficult to justify improvements to . This isn't an issue with Substrate, at least.
Would you mind sending me the crash report from the adb log? At least, would you mind telling me the name of the theme you applied? Also, thinking about it, CyanogenMod already has a theme engine... it never occurred to me how WinterBoard would interact with the existing theme engine in CyanogenMod (although I guess thinking even longer about it, I see no reason why it would fail horribly... it should just layer on top).
saurik said:
Yeah, as I mention in this thread WinterBoard was more of a demo that has been difficult to justify improvements to . This isn't an issue with Substrate, at least.
Would you mind sending me the crash report from the adb log? At least, would you mind telling me the name of the theme you applied? Also, thinking about it, CyanogenMod already has a theme engine... it never occurred to me how WinterBoard would interact with the existing theme engine in CyanogenMod (although I guess thinking even longer about it, I see no reason why it would fail horribly... it should just layer on top).
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hope i send u the correct logcat..
im using ios7 concept theme..g play link here
slipar said:
hope i send u the correct logcat..
im using ios7 concept theme..g play link here
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Thank you so much for the information. Here is a new version of WinterBoard that seems to work with this theme.
http://cache.saurik.com/apks/com.saurik.winterboard_0.9.3922.apk
thanx saurik..tested but this time winterboard just fc when try to change theme..
logcat attach..
slipar said:
thanx saurik..tested but this time winterboard just fc when try to change theme..
logcat attach..
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I'm sorry about that issue... this is actually quite interesting to me as it might indicate that I need to do some more work on the blessed compiler as it relates to miranda methods. I had verified that the theme functioned, but had not gone back to attempt to re-verify the setup activity itself, which I guess hadn't been recompiled in a long time. I've added a temporary workaround to the issue while I investigate further. ("Humorously", if you have Xposed installed, I am pretty certain that the WinterBoard settings activity would have worked, as Xposed just destroys the access control checks for the entire VM.)
http://test.saurik.com/xda/com.saurik.winterboard_0.9.3922+1.gf733f01.apk
Hey there, I just happened upon this thread while deeply perusing the boards after just getting home from a 17hr drive and being unable to go to sleep yet. I am VERY interested in the substrates capabilities, it sounds like a very interesting concept. I am a new developer and am wanting to learn more and play more....I use xposed on my phone now and was considering starting to develop modules for it, buuuttt I think I just changed my mind I'm on an att sgs4 running a 4.3ge Rom. Going to install the substrate the night via Play Store and mess around with it starting tomorrow. Thanks for this
Sent from my GT-I9505G using Tapatalk
Sc4ryB3ar said:
I'm on an att sgs4 running a 4.3ge Rom. Going to install the substrate the night via Play Store and mess around with it starting tomorrow. Thanks for this
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Yay! (Now, watch your GT-I9505G be one of those few Samsung devices Substrate detects as incompatible ;P. Samsung has so many model numbers that all map to the same high-level marketing names that it's difficult to keep track of what's what. If that happens, and you are interested in helping out, I can implement one of my alternative injectors quickly for you to work with.)
saurik said:
Yay! (Now, watch your GT-I9505G be one of those few Samsung devices Substrate detects as incompatible ;P. Samsung has so many model numbers that all map to the same high-level marketing names that it's difficult to keep track of what's what. If that happens, and you are interested in helping out, I can implement one of my alternative injectors quickly for you to work with.)
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It installed just fine, quickly and with no apparent issues
winterboard, however rendered neither theme I chose correctly, wondering if its the themes though.... Didn't get a logcat and then I hosed my system last night messing around too much, so I started fresh and haven't gotten back to substrate and wb yet....I'll be back to it withing a couple of hours
Sent from my GT-I9505G using Tapatalk
substrate source code
Saurik,
I've been dabbling some with Cydia Substrate and it seems to offer a lot of unique possibilities for Android apps.
Do you have any plans to release the source code for this like you did on iOS? I'd be very curious to learn more about how it works. Also, is there a link to your talk from the Android Open conference?
Thanks,
Fred
(Ugh. I have no clue how people keep up with a forum, especially with the website as slow to load every page as it is ;P.)
fjones8856 said:
Do you have any plans to release the source code for this like you did on iOS? I'd be very curious to learn more about how it works.
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I currently do have an intention to release the source code, but I'm not certain under what license (all of the licenses I normally use don't solve the specific issues related to Substrate). That said, no one seems to care much about Substrate on Android: on iOS people tend to (almost to a level of it being a problem) jump on new solutions to evaluate constantly, whereas on Android people seem to just snark "we already have X" even when there are compelling advantages to a replacement. Given this situation, I am highly unmotivated to spend the time to figure out the right solution, given that in a way Substrate is "my magnum opus": it is the culmination of the research and experience of so many years of my life, that passing up the ability to license it to the companies that sometimes talk to me about that (for either enterprise wrapping or security) to satisfy a group of people who are mostly asking for the source code specifically to replicate the technique *and then avoid using Substrate*, makes very little sense.
On the project side of it, Substrate on iOS only ever received a single code contribution from someone I wasn't already so close with that I was sharing code already. It isn't even the kind of project that one would expect getting many contributions: it is more of a backend technology, and the extent to which it has a GUI is actually a bug (I intend for it to be 100% seamless as part apps that use it: Substrate on iOS does not have a GUI and never will have a GUI, and that's how I think it really should work on Android as well, but of course right now I need the silly Install button). If anything, on iOS, we often end up with random companies that want to "own the scene", which ends up with them forking Substrate in ways that cause platform incompatibilities for other developers: Substrate on iOS has thereby actually been closed source now for almost two years, and it has actually improved the stability of the platform. I thereby am somewhat loath to "repeat the same mistakes from before" and end up with forks.
fjones8856 said:
Also, is there a link to your talk from the Android Open conference?
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There was no recording of the actual talk, just of the keynote introduction that I already link to from my website. In the talk I walked people through a demonstration of using an early version of the JNI-level Substrate API, and showed how it worked (which was very simple at the time). In essence, I demonstrated, with my exact code on the projection, the technique that Xposed started using half a year later (which is just "oh, I'll change the contents of this Method object, as apparently the runtime doesn't care if the Method is allocated as part of a Class; if I do it right I can simulate registerNatives") and the most obvious way of implementing MSJavaHookClassLoad (which--for the really really low-level API I had at the time, on pre-4.0 VMs that didn't have complex JNI stacks--is clearly "MSHookFunction the class load and provide a callback"). Everything is going to be new for ART, though: the techniques are going to have to be much more sophisticated (which I'm excited by, as this is a game changer).
Pm sent
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I’ve been a CyanogenMod user since CM6 for the HTC EVO. While I can’t claim to have contributed much directly to the community (I’m no developer and more of a sys admin kind of guy), I have installed CM on countless phones over the years - basically any friend or family member who sat their phone down long enough. As soon as it was available, I snagged a OnePlus One, and it’s still the phone I have today. While I was initially excited to see where the foundation of Cyanogen Inc. would take the project, I’ve become increasingly disappointed with the direction that things have gone (both CM and COS), and I think my next phone will likely be a Nexus device with stock Android. I’m fairly certain that this post won’t accomplish much (aside from starting a flame-war/trolling/what-have-you), but I thought I would post it just to see what might come of it.
What I initially loved about CM was the fact that it added a number of useful features to stock Android, it allowed a ton of functional customization, it seemed to be more efficient and stable, and it let me continue to update devices that manufacturers had artificially sunsetted. I was impressed by the fact that lead developers were more interested in code quality and security than by shiny features. Amidst the desire to make Android better, there was also a sense of perfectionism to CM as evidenced by the “don’t ask for ETAs” mantra - it would get done when it was ready, and I was always willing to wait.
When Cyanogen Inc. formed, I was curious to see how they planned to make money. I actually decided to be a bit bold, contacted Kirt and Steve via LinkedIn, and offered to share some of my ideas. One of my biggest suggestions was that they should do something to fill the gaping hole left by Blackberry. At that point (and even still today), no manufacturer had really been able to provide the enterprise-grade functionality provided by Blackberry and BES. MDM solutions were (and are) a double-edged sword that are really just a patch for the solution. Given the huge priority that Cyanogen placed on security, I thought it would be a good direction to take. I’ve sent a few other suggestions over the years (including attempting to get the OnePlus One on the shelves at Walmart when I worked at the corporate offices), but it never seemed to go anywhere.
Right now, when I wake my phone, I have a reminder that there is a system update ready for my OnePlus One that will install COS 13.1. This update adds “new mods for Cortana, OneNote, Microsoft Hyperlapse, Skype, and Twitter.” I have yet to hit install. My issue is far less that Cyanogen is working with Microsoft and more with the fact that the company, much like Canonical/Ubuntu, seems to have the not-invented-here syndrome. (Side note: here’s a great article from the Turnkey Linux team that serves as partial inspiration for this post https://www.turnkeylinux.org/blog/ubuntu-not-invented-here-syndrome). Instead of offering new and useful features, Cyanogen is reinventing wheels and cramming the OS full of things that aren’t really at the top of anyone’s list for issues that could be solved or features that could be added. The innovation just seems to be gone. Most of the features that were exclusive to CM and drew me to the project are now part of stock Android. It makes me wish Cyanogen had taken up Google on their $1B offer.
Here are a few examples. Who remembers when ADW was the stock launcher of CM? I do. In contrast, who actually uses Trebuchet? I think it’s a featureless piece of junk. No gestures? No ability to hide icons in the drawer? No useful functionality that really sets it apart from other launchers? Why develop something new just for the sake of doing it yourself when it only provides basic functionality? Right up there with it is the File Manager application. There are plenty of other more feature-rich applications on the market, and I frankly never use the app provided by Cyanogen because it isn’t nearly as functional as something like ES File Explorer.
Similarly (but more egregiously), is the Browser application. Show of hands: who uses the browser provided in AOSP? No? Me, neither. Be it Chrome, Firefox, Opera, or something else, no one uses the browser built into the ROM. Why did Cyanogen feel the need to create another browser that lacks functionality, is rarely updated for security patches like mainstream offerings, and is basically just another piece of lint on everyone's phones? I fail to see the innovation, there.
I initially loved the idea of having a Cyanogen Account because it was pre-Google Device Manager. However, now that Device Manager exists, I don’t see a reason to use my Cyanogen Account because there haven’t been any additional additions to the feature set. I emailed Kirt and Steve once about potentially folding the WebKey project into Cyanogen and linking it to the Cyanogen account. That would provide remote access, remote file management, a remote shell, and countless other features (most or all of which could be made to work without needing root if baked into the ROM). How much would that add to the ROM and set it apart from other offerings? Neither Google, Apple, Microsoft, or Blackberry have anything close, and it would be a game-changer.
The Themes engine. Alright, so some may disagree with me, here, but I don’t really care about theming my phone or my computer. For me, that was cool back when Compiz/Beryl were the hotness for Linux. Now, I’m more interested in function over form. Why spend so much time building this thing when there are actually useful additions that could be made to CM/COS?
In conjunction to this, there are a number of features provided by CM that are now part of AOSP and make me wonder why I'm still on CM/COS. Google has added permissions management. They have included tethering. The majority of Developer Options are baked in. They switched the whole tap/long press to turn on/off/open settings feature in the notification panel. There isn't much to set Cyanogen apart, anymore.
Instead of just complaining, I wanted to start a list of things that I really thought Cyanogen would have provided by now (or would have at least considered). Some of these would provide Cyanogen with a revenue stream so they wouldn't have to keep cozying up to Microsoft, something that I'm sure most of us would appreciate (does anyone actually use Cortana?) I’d be interested to hear what other features the community would like to see added to CM/COS:
WITHOUT root, implement NFC tag actions that are available with the screen off. For example, allow a user to unlock/wake their phone, turn certain settings on or off, switch to a different profile, or perform a set of pre-defined actions by tapping a NFC tag. Obviously, there would have to be some security mechanisms built in order to whitelist trusted tags so the functions can be used with the screen off, but I’ve always wanted to be able to set my phone down on a tag at my desk and have it automatically connect to my company’s WiFi, put my phone on vibrate, etc.
Partner with an existing developer or independently build parental controls into COS.
Add a login manager for public hotspots to accept terms and conditions on subsequent logins after the first connection (would need to use MAC address, GPS, or some other unique identifier since some companies use the same provider, e.g. Starbucks and McDonald's both use ATTWiFi as their network name but have different captive portals)
Make a Kiosk version for customers at coffee shops and the like.
Create a mobile pay kiosk version similar to the Chili’s tablets since Cyanogen is known for security.
Make a version tailored toward the elderly (lock certain features, provide a restricted set of capabilities that are easy to access, etc).
As previously mentioned, build in WebKey or similar functionality that is tied to a Cyanogen account.
Include Tor without needing root.
Allow the ability to modify DNS settings.
Develop AirPlay compatibility for the Cast feature.
Right now, I’m at the point that I was at with Ubuntu about five years ago. Canonical had “improved” Debian into a bloated nightmare complete with in-house developed projects such as Unity, Ubuntu One, the Ubuntu Software Center, Mir, and others that no one asked for or wanted. If Distrowatch rankings are to be believed, Debian (and Mint) is now more popular than Ubuntu, likely as a result of Canonical’s decisions.
This is not a call to arms but rather a suggestion. Perhaps it is time that the community creates, by way of analogy, a Cyanogen Mint. Maybe we need to go back to the foundation of AOSP just like many users have done by going back to Debian. For me, at least, Cyanogen isn’t satisfying the same needs that it did two years ago, and I’d like to have a mobile OS or ROM that does. There are a lot of custom ROMs out there like Paranoid Android, AOKP, and OmniROM, but they are incredibly fragmented in the devices that they support, and none of them have the level of backing that Cyanogen gained. Perhaps as a community, we need to consolidate our efforts, focus on a common project, and bring forth a high-functioning ROM that can fill the void that Cyanogen no longer does.
In light of today's news about the layoffs at Cyanogen, thoughti might bump my thread to see if anyone would be interested in joining this conversation.
This posts here to increase the effect of sending my phones and other devices targetedly hacked files and file contents to the correct places to help forward the progress of patching the in routes and exploits used to conmlrimise my devices. im not mass generically hacked like all content marketing oriented loa pricepoint device users are. im also targetedly hacked, being a poster of evidence of organized crime. how i know this is surveying the various search results of numerous parts of code grep'd through for everything from 'usually' to 'when the' and the like and finding undocumented code); analytics traces reports screenshots etc i need to send to the correct agencies labs and engineers to effetiely take an opportunity one rarely has, not a whole lot more luck needed just to expose what ive found to get help swnding it all to the right researchers.., here to also overstep and des mceibe a social engineerig aspect to this criminal co-perogative that seems to be boiled down to a method or science always changing specific tech understanding apartide line that one would say would be inperceptible if not being lóoked for. These effects are already known, ask any journalist or researcher whos benefitted from the use of tor. do u ever get o ly search results fro. 2013 2014? ueah thats not right its 2022 and those are whats been whiddled down as passable as results to you that will derail your presumptive expectation to find usefull relevant info. like free black market oligarchay totalitarianiasm censorship of good info by masses of evil black hearted tyranical rulers. What is or was being done was not unlike untargeted hacking, wasnt unlike stalking, wasnt unlike gaslighting, was engineered by heinous psychologists under a larger tech side of a harasment as a service outfit utilizing specific individually itemized psychological attacks managed and administered from a heirerarchal chain of command involong hassers unbeknownst (effectively anyone), and salaried operative sabetuer assailant rights violators harassers, being orchestrated by a few headpieces workong to effect intimidation, harm, debilitation, eventual ruin of targets. im a lucky one to have escaped their heretounforsceen murderous grasp... technical implementation and phychological advice, and the client criminal operations, all likley make io the types involved.. and some .MOs? . A score is kept of each targets perceptable work toward outing the criminal client(most dont continually announce display post what they know under threat to their familys, i fly in the face of these intimidations and threats as ofton as possible, or as necessary. they especoally anger me and i ofton
make sure to give a speech about it if needed bwcause id say thaTs the proverbial time and place for that
the stalker or stalkers will note it all and interfere suggesting or positing jackassedly outloud (the two harasser grouping lends to this) which is being pumped as audio to the tatget , only filtered down to narrow effective frequency bands of audible sound. a effort to disturb distract frustrate is debilitating especially at length. i have audio recorsdngs of this subliminal harassment,¹¹¹i will post and have posted online. Undocmentble and likely undocumented (ie unprovable) aspects of reality, of which there are many, are derived contrieved etc by the stalkers one after the next and projected subliminally to the target as heassments, threats, psychosis induction, all to kéep reports from going to police, knowlede of anythining relevant or related from being learned basically preventing anything the target might do in the course of a day,, randomly or specifically or especially if ostensibly they were heading to the police station printing store etc. a target has to endure : Internet is filtered
friends are threatened and harssed the programs on anyones phone in the vicinity re beiing montoped to know if recording or video apps start running. Im not the only person who knows bout what i videod and posted, many involved are plausibly victims, many benefiting, profiting, buying àre monstors heartless soulless murderous enemys to mankind. How i got targeted? i was attacked by two guards at a high rise, recorded it incidentally, posted it online, in the bckground is evidence of the activities of aug fifteenth sixteenth twentyeighteen, some largescale illegal sex crime party for high rolling invertebrate clients, and not just in the background, but my interactions with the guards upclose are all evidence and the 15 mins of video as i exited the vicinity all contain evidence. They usually keep anything like video taken on a cell phone contained and from ever reaching the net, but i was recording to disk and feeling extra like it was a miracle i survived the attack gonna take the disk out for safe keeping minded also, gonna post immediately minded after evading immedite stalker harassers traveled on foot strategizing for 12 hours, went forward in visiting an art school campus, visiting the library and uploading over a simple Vpn to youtube (browser built in one if i remember correctly). My civil rights activism prior to this gave me some ability to evade gang stalker harassments, and all in all i had been being targeted digitally and had some upload strategy to use because of the same, the civil rights and land use activism i was doing videoing and posting. So the stops were pulled and full scale cmpaigns were deployed to psychologically or otherwise send me into ruin in a way that would be indetectible in any way as being foul play or at least un reportably or documentably, because tens if not hindreds had to have noticed the oddities of patterns and diversions from the norms of everything everywhere variousley i frequented. stalkers effirts were all made with intention to have effect but also to effectively obscure what was being done, why, what crime there was to reported if any, and any routes or reasons provable that i might have to seek relief from foundations for the crimes against me, so as to be able to persist and continually attack playing any and all angles of various of psychological and physiological attacks through incetivatized or otherwise achieved malfunction or alternate to normal operation of things ... this is where conputers come in, my devices were and still are if im being realistic used for and integral in facilitating this, but not without a lot of code paper trail i was expected not ever to be able to ascertain knowledge of or obtain. Largescale distributed obscured attack on individual targets isnt always viable, but ofton is it would seem... In the curse of weathering this attack i achieved slowely progress in my life , trancendance above and beyond the thercheous pitfalls and all that laid out figuritvely to ensnare me, and have atained for myself many if not a few more of my life goals as well. I have explained and exposed the immediate harassments and stalking to those being subjected to its immediate and side effects, and a page long list of other focused intentional sometimes subtle corrective or stimulating vitalization of some sort to the social and interpersonal climate within which i live life ive been, seeing as how it was being accurely poluted. it wasnt always easy or obvious but certainly something of the needed necessary and natural reaction type of measure i believe either way i know i have succeeded in the various ways i went about keeping my life from falling apart. Somewhere in these outcomes, milemarkers, graduations and self afirmations i categorically became, non susceptible to a certain category of sheer wall affront to a person who is targeted. socially, technically, socially correctovely, verbally, orationally, (speech giving?), attritionally effectively strategically, in one too many ways they cant effect their zero click exploit on one Kyle Varela, as it were, and now im here, right pretty much where id be, only here in my hand is alot of the info needed to disenfranchise those who this computer based evasion of my privacy and much worse was undertaken by, to help potentionally a lot of people, to help the world operate one incriment less innificiently... But i have to delve into realms unknown to turn in the files and doing so will continue to make it self aparent in its non accomplishability approached alone by just me. ...Leading to my posts reason.
Stated: source help, advice, and leads into and about the most suspicious of the many entrys and code snippets within the uploaded files all taken from systems i was using, and i believe is likley to contain evidence provingthY the disfunctionalityt of my devices software and hardware was intentional identifiable and ultimately hopefully reportable and patchable.
This post will be finished with attachments after getting initial post up. Just a moment